TABLE 2.

Studies examining immunological responses to first and second doses of a COVID-19 vaccine

Author	Population	Vaccine	Dose	Measured response	Time postvaccine	Proportion with response	Associations with reduced response
Boyarsky et al128	436 SOT recipients	BNT162b2 mRNA-1273	First	Anti-spike IgG	20 d	17%	Antimetabolite Increased age BNT162b2 vaccine
Benotmane et al129	242 kidney transplant recipients	mRNA-1273	First	Anti-spike IgG	28 d	10.8%	Shorter time from transplant Use of MMF Use of steroids Higher creatinine
Yi et al130	145 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2 MmRNA-1273	First	Anti-spike IgG	At second dose	5.5%	Not examined
Boyarsky et al131	658 SOT recipients	mRNA-1273 BNT162b2	First Second	Anti-spike IgG	21–29 d	Dose 1: 15% Dose 2: 54%	Not examined
Marion et al132	895 first dose, 367 second dose SOT recipients	BNT162b2 MmRNA-1273	First Second	Anti-spike IgG	28 d	Dose 1: 6.4% Dose 2: 33.8%	Not examined
Bertrand et al133	45 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2	First Second	Anti-spike IgGIFN-γ producing T cells	21–28 d	Dose 1: 2.2% humoral 24.4% cellular Dose 2: 17.8% humoral 57.8% cellular	Humoral response: Recent transplantation Immunosuppression regime Cellular response: No significant association
Schmidt et al134	40 SOT recipients	BNT162b2M mRNA-1273ChAdOx1	First Second	Anti-spike IgG Neutralizing capacity IFN-γ producing T cells		Dose 1: 5.3% humoral 23.7% cellular 26.3% humoral or cellular Dose 2: 35.3% humoral 64.7% cellular 70.6% humoral or cellular	Homologous vaccine regime
Prendecki et al135	920 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2 ChAdOx1	Second	Anti-spike IgG T-cell response to spike protein	31 d	55% humoral 11% cellular 58% humoral or cellular	Humoral response: ChAdOx1 vaccine Transplantation within 1 y Diabetes
Stumpf et al136	368 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2 mRNA-1273	Second	Anti-spike IgG/IgA Neutralizing capacity IFN-γ producing T cells	28–35 d	42% humoral response 66% with neutralizing capacit 30% cellular response	Use of MMF Use of CNI Use of belatacept BNT162b2 vaccine Older age Shorter duration of transplant
Rozen-Zvi et al137	308 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2	Second	Anti-spike IgG	28 d	36.4%	Higher MMF dose Higher CNI levels Lower eGFR Older age
Kantauskaite et al138	225 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2mRNA-1273	Second	Anti-spike IgG Neutralizing capacity	14 d	24.9%68% with neutralizing capacity	Higher trough MMF concentration Lower eGFR
Benotmane et al139	205 kidney transplant recipients	mRNA-1273	Second	Anti-spike IgG	28 d	47.8%	Previous kidney transplant Shorter transplant duration Lower eGFR More immunosuppression
Cucchiari et al140	148 kidney and kidney pancreas recipients	mRNA-1273	Second	Anti-spike IgG/MIFN-γ producing T cells	14 d	29.9% humoral 54.7% cellular 65% humoral or cellular	Humoral response: Immunosuppression regime Cellular response: Diabetes Lymphopenia Decreasing eGFR ATG within 1 y
Grupper et al141	136 kidney transplant recipients	BNT162b2	Second	Anti-spike IgG	16.5 d	37.5%	Older age High dose steroid in past y Triple immunosuppressionUse of MMF
Herrera et al142	104 liver and heart transplant recipients	mRNA-1273	Second	Anti-spike IgGIFN-γ producing T cells	28 d	64% humoral 79% cellular 90% humoral or cellular	Humoral response: Hypogammaglobulinemia Transplant within 1 y Higher dose of MMF Cellular response: Hypogammaglobulinemia
Rabinowich et al143	80 liver transplant recipients	BNT162b2	Second	Anti-spike IgG	14.8 d	47.5%	Older age High dose steroid in past y Use of MMF Triple immunosuppression Lower eGFR
Peled et al144	77 heart transplant recipients	BNT162b2	Second	Anti-RBD IgG Neutralizing antibody	21 d	18% 57% with neutralizing capacity	Use of MMF
Marinaki et al145	34 SOT recipients	BNT162b2	Second	Anti-spike IgG	10 d	58.8%	Use of MMF

This represents merely a selection of studies and is not an exhaustive list.

ATG, anti-thymocyte globulin; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; Ig, immunoglobulin; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; RBD, receptor-binding domain; SOT, solid organ transplant.