Table 2.

Epigenetics for crop improvement.

Species	Epigenetic modification	Crop improvement	Reference
Arabidopsis and tomato	MicroRNA	Enhanced plant vigor and phenotypes	[102]
Arabidopsis, rice and maize	DNA methylation	Development of new molecular markers	[81]
Arabidopsis	Induced expression of miR156 and miR396	Salt stress response	[110]
Arabidopsis	Induced expression of miR393, miR397b, and miR402	Response to water deficiency	[111]
White clover	DNA methylation	Stress memory phenomenon	[112]
Spinach and Arabidopsis	DNA methylation	Artificial induction of flowering	[113]
Maize	DNA methylation	Defense priming to herbivores and increase plant defense	[114]
Rapeseed and barley	Histone modifications	Favoring acceleration of crop breeding	[115]
Soybean	DNA methylation	Protective mechanism and seed development	[116]
Rice	DNA methylation	Artificial crossings	[117]
Rice	Downregulation of miR319c, miR164c, miR319b, and miR1861d	Response to drought	[118]