Table 2.

Outcomes of microtopography enhancement techniques.

Technique	Rationale	Preclinical data	Clinical data
Sandblasting and acid-etching	Sandblasting and acid-etching increases microroughness and surface area	Superior bone-to-implant contact (50-60%) at 3 and 6 months as compared to plasma-spraying (30-40%) and electropolished (20-25%) implants [54]. Superior bone anchorage with higher removal torque values in minipig models [55].	Implant survival rate: 95.1%-98.8% [56, 57]
Grit-blasted, acid-etched, and neutralized implants	Macroroughness by grit-blasting; hydrophobic surface is changed to hydrophilic, increasing the wettability (water contact angle 0o) [58]	Even the immediately loaded implants showed a higher degree of bone formation and satisfactory bone-to-implant contact [59, 60]	Success rate after one year of implant placement was 99.6% [61]