Table 3.

Outcomes of nanotopography enhancement techniques.

Technique	Rationale	Preclinical data	Clinical data
Discrete crystalline deposition	CaP particles (20-100 nm) deposited on a double acid-etched surface by a sol-gel process exert a high adhesive force on the implant surface; bacterial adhesion is reduced [62, 63]	Disruption force required at the bone-implant interface is high; high osteoconduction [64]	One year survival rate 94.9%-99.4% [65, 66]
Laser ablation	Generates a pattern of nanoscale microchannels that act as a biological seal by eliciting the connective tissue and bone attachment, inhibiting epithelial down growth [67]	Dense cervical seal prevents apical migration of junctional epithelium [67]	Two-year survival rate 96.1%; long-term comparative results not yet available [68]