. 2022 Jun 22;149(3-4):1431–1450. doi: 10.1007/s00704-022-04122-4

Table 1.

Complete Köppen’s system for climate classification

Temperature				Rainfall	Climate			Symbol
T_COLD	T_HOT	T_AAVE	R_M	R_A
≥ 18 °C			R_DRY ≥ 60 mm		(A) Tropical		(f) Without dry season	Af
			R_DRY < 60 mm	≥ 25 (100—R_DRY)			(m) Monsoon	Am
				< 25 (100—R_SDRY)			(s) With dry summer	As
				< 25 (100—R_WDRY)			(w) With dry winter	Aw
		≥ 18 °C		≥ 5* R_THRESHOLD& < 10*R_THRESHOLD	(B) Dry	(S) Semi-arid	(h) Low latitude and altitude	BSh
		< 18 °C		≥ 5* R_THRESHOLD& < 10*R_THRESHOLD		(S) Semi-arid	(k) Mid-latitude and high altitude	BSk
		≥ 18 °C		< 5* R_THRESHOLD		(W) Arid	(h) Low latitude and altitude	BWh
		< 18 °C		< 5* R_THRESHOLD		(W) Arid	(k) Mid-latitude and high altitude	BWk
≥ − 3 °C < and < 18 °C	≥ 22		R_DRY > 40 mm		(C) Humid Subtropical	(f) Oceanic climate, without dry season	(a) With hot summer	Cfa
≥ − 3 °C < and < 18 °C	< 22 °C and T_M10 ≥ 4						(b) With temperate summer	Cfb
≥ − 38 °C and < 18 °C	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(c) With short and cool summer	Cfc
≥ − 3 °C < and < 18 °C	≥ 22 °C		R_DRY < 40 mm R_SWET ≥ 10 * R_WDRY			(w) With dry winter	(a) And hot summer	Cwa
≥ − 3 °C < and < 18 °C	< 22 °C and T_M10 ≥ 4						(b) And temperate summer	Cwb
≥ − 38 °C and < 18 °C	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(c) And short and cool summer	Cwc
≥ − 3 °C < and < 18 °C	≥ 22 °C		R_DRY < 40 mm R_WWET ≥ 3 * R_SDRY R_SWET < 10 * R_WDRY			(s) With dry summer	(a) And hot	Csa
≥ − 3 °C < and < 18 °C	< 22 °C and T_M10 ≥ 4						(b) And temperate	Csb
≥ − 38 °C and < 18 °C	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(c) And short and cool summer	Csc
≥ − 38 °C and < − 3 °C	≥ 22 °C		R_DRY > 40 mm		(D) Temperate continental	(f) Without dry season	(a) With hot summer	Dfa
	< 22 °C and T_M10 ≥ 4						(b) With temperate summer	Dfb
	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(c) With short and cool summer	Dfc
< − 38 °C and < − 3 °C	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(d) With very cold winter	Dfd
≥ − 38 °C and < − 3 °C	≥ 22 °C		R_DRY < 40 mm R_SWET ≥ 10 * R_WDRY			(w) With dry winter	(a) With hot summer	Dwa
	< 22 °C and T_M10 ≥ 4						(b) And temperate summer	Dwb
	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(c) And short and cool summer	Dwc
< − 38 °C and < − 3 °C	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(d) And very cold winter	Dwd
≥ − 38 °C and < − 3 °C	≥ 22 °C		R_DRY < 40 mm R_WWET ≥ 3 * R_SDRY R_SWET < 10 * R_WDRY			(s) With dry summer	(a) And hot	Dsa
	< 22 °C and T_M10 ≥ 4						(b) and temperate	Dsb
	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(c) And short and cool summer	Dsc
< − 38 °C and < − 3 °C	< 22 °C and 1 ≤ T_M10 < 4						(d) And very cold winter	Dsd
	< 10 and ≥ 0 °C				(E) Polar	(T) Tundra		ET
	< 0 °C				(E) Polar	(F) Frost		EF

T_COLD average air temperature of the coldest month; T_HOT average air temperature of the hottest month; T_AAVE annual average air temperature; R_M monthly rainfall; R_A annual rainfall; R_DRY average rainfall of the driest month; R_SDRY average rainfall of the driest month in summer; R_WDRY average rainfall of the driest month in winter; R_SWET average rainfall of the wettest month in summer; R_WWET average rainfall of the wettest month in winter; T_M10 number of months where the temperature is above 10 °C; R_THRESHOLD= 2(T_AAVE), if at least 70% of R_A occurs in winter; R_THRESHOLD= 2(T_AAVE) + 28, if at least 70% of R_A occurs in summer, and R_THRESHOLD= 2(T_AAVE) + 14, otherwise; for the Southern Hemisphere, summer is defined as the warmer 6-month period (ONDJFM) and winter is defined as the cooler 6-month period (AMJJAS). For the Northern Hemisphere, summer is defined as the warmest 6-month period (AMJJAS) and winter is defined as the coolest 6-month period (ONDJFM)