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. 2022 Jun 3;7(3):982–988. doi: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.05.008

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 3 — Construction of engineered strains to improve the itaconic acid (ITA) yield. (A) Overview of Escherichia coli MG1655 Δ1-SAS-3. The gene marked with a blue color represents gene knock-out in the genome of Δ1-SAS-3. CSl (CAD-SH3lig), GPS (GA-PDZ-SH3), and APl (ACN-PDZlig) represent the over-expression cascade reaction for ITA production. (B) Improvement in the ITA yield in engineered strain via promotor optimization. P_J23100 for the expression of the CSl, GPS, and APl was replaced by P_tac, P_tet, and P_rmd, respectively. (C) Overview of E. coli MG1655 Δ4-P_rmd-SAS-3. The genes marked with blue and red represent the genes knocked out in the genome of Δ4-P_rmd-SAS-3. (D) Relative ITA yield of each engineered strain. Error bars show the standard deviation from three independent experiments.