Table 2.
Aberrant gut metabolites relevant to vitamins and cofactors in children with ASD
| Vitamins metabolites | Metabolism pathway | Fold changea | p value | Regulation modeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4′-Apo-beta-carotenal | Vitamin digestion and absorption, retinol metabolism | 1.55 | 9.24E-05 | up |
| b,e-Carotene-3,3′-diol | Vitamin digestion and absorption, retinol metabolism | 1.56 | 0.0043 | up |
| All-trans-retinal | Retinol metabolism | 1.56 | 0.0262 | up |
| Retinol | Retinol metabolism | 0.64 | 0.0149 | down |
| Tocopherol | Vitamin E metabolism | 3.19 | 0.002 | up |
| Thiamine pyrophosphate | Thiamine metabolism | 0.45 | 0.0224 | down |
| Riboflavin tetrabutyrate | Riboflavin metabolism | 0.21 | 0.0085 | down |
| (+)-Riboflavin | Riboflavin metabolism | 0.62 | 0.0305 | down |
| Lumichrome | Riboflavin metabolism | 0.64 | 0.005 | down |
| Pyridoxamine | Vitamin digestion and absorption, vitamin B6 metabolism | 0.63 | 0.0035 | down |
| Phosphopantothenic acid | Vitamin B5 metabolism | 0.64 | 0.0181 | down |
| 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate | Folate biosynthesis | 0.56 | 0.0068 | down |
| Dihydrofolic acid | Vitamin digestion and absorption, folate biosynthesis | 0.49 | 0.006 | down |
| 1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinic acid | Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism | 0.66 | 0.0036 | down |
| Vitamin C | Vitamin digestion and absorption, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | 0.58 | 0.0148 | down |
| L-Ascorbic acid | Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | 0.51 | 0.0031 | down |
ab Fold change and regulation mode in the ASD group compared with the typically developing group
ASD autism spectrum disorders