Table 1.

Effect of different endophytes on rice physiology and growth under non-stress conditions

Endophytes	Action on molecular and physiological mechanisms	Rice traits improved	Reference
Burkholderia vietnamiensis	Produces siderophores and IAA	Shoot and root biomass, leaf surface, tiller number and seed yield	Trân Van et al. (2000)
Micrococcus spp., Enterobacter soli, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Pantoea dispersa, Staphylococcus epidermidis	Produce growth promoting hormones viz., indole acetic acid (IAA)	Shoot and root, seedlings biomass, chlorophyll content	Shahzad et al. (2017a)
Lysinibacillus sphaericus	Produces 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) and modulates the ethylene levels in the plant	Number of panicles and grain per plant, straw and grain dry weight; nitrogen and phosphorus uptake	Shabanamol et al. (2020)
Pseudomonas sp., Achromobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae	Produce ACCD and modulate ethylene levels in the plant	Shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, yield	Blaha et al. (2006)
Pseudomonas koreensis, Arthrobactersp nitroguajacolicus, Klebsiella oxytoca	Produce IAA and solubilize phosphorus for plant uptake	Shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight and phosphate uptake	Gusain et al. (2015)
Azospirillum lipoferum	Enhances phosphorus solubilization for plant uptake	Root length and overall surface area, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, leaf number and leaf and shoot length	Murty and Ladha (1988)
Streptomyces sp.	Produces siderophores and increases iron-uptake	Shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight	Rungin et al. (2012)
Bacillus testaceum, Bacillus barbaricus, Bacillus subtilis	Produce siderophore production and increase uptake of Iron	Shoot height, tillers number, flag leaf length, panicles and seeds number per plant, dry biomass of the whole plant and yield	Borah et al. (2018)
Burkholderia vietnamiensis	Nitrogen-fixation	Root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weight, yield	Puri et al. (2018)
Pantoea agglomerans	Nitrogen-fixation	Shoot and root fresh weight, flag leaf length, total plant biomass	Feng et al. (2006)
Cladosporium sphaerospermum	Produces phytohormones such as gibberellins (GA3, GA4, GA7)	Shoot length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, biomass and transpiration	Hamayun et al. (2009)
Bacillus sp.	Produces IAA and increases solubilization of phosphorus	Shoot and root length, total biomass and yield	Syamsia Kuswinanti et al. (2015)
Candida tropicalis	Produces IAA	Shoot and root dry weight, shoot and root length and seed germination rate	Amprayn et al. (2012)
Phoma glomerata, Paecilomyces formosus	Produce IAA and GA	Plant height, fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll content	Waqas et al. (2014)