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. 2022 Jun 21;218(5):38. doi: 10.1007/s11214-022-00885-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — (a–d) Overview of the 13 January 2018 plasmaspheric hiss event. Schematic diagrams of plasmasphere structures (shadows) and spacecraft locations (colored dots) at 02:30, 08:00, 11:30, and 16:40 UT, respectively. The plasmasphere shadows are illustrative cartoons based on the density profiles of the Van Allen Probes and Arase missions, whose trajectories (solid lines) covered the period 00:00–05:30, 05:30–10:00, 10:00–14:00, and 14:00–20:00 UT in a–d, respectively. (e) Geomagnetic activity indices SYM-H and AE. (f) Hot electron differential flux profiles. (g, i, k) Hot electron differential energy spectra, with overplotted local electron densities. (h, j, l) Wave magnetic power spectra, with the overplotted frequencies 0.5 fce (equatorial electron cyclotron frequency), 0.1 fce, and f_LHR (equatorial lower hybrid resonance frequency). The vertical dashed lines mark the sudden enhancement of hiss waves and the substorm injection front observed by Van Allen Probe B, respectively. The blank region represents the data gap (Liu et al. 2020)