Table 2.
Overview of included studies of adolescent (aged > 13 to ≤ 18 years) athletes
| Study | Sport | Number of subjects | Age (years) | Performance level | Sport-specific performance | Physical fitness | Trunk tests | Intervention | PEDro score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afyon [63] | Soccer |
30 males CON = 15 TMT = 15 |
16 | Sub-elite/Recreational |
CMJ Horizontal jump 20-m sprint |
Balance (Flamingo), Prone bride time |
12 weeks, 3x × week, 30–35 min. 1–3 sets, 15–35 s duration, isometric and dynamic exercises | 4 | |
| Aslan et al. [68] | Soccer |
29 males CON = 14 TMT = 15 |
CON; 16 ± 0.8 TMT; 16 ± 0.6 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
Pro agility, shuttle run test, Horizontal jump Triple-hop distance |
Balance error scoring system test | 8 weeks, 3x × week, 2 sets, 10–20 reps and 2–3 sets with 25–40 s hold time | 7 | |
| Clark et al. [56] | Cross-country running |
33 mix mixed sex CON n = 17 TMT n = 16 |
Males 16 ± 1.3 Females 17 ± 1.3 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
Race time 5-km course (males) and 4- km course (females) |
Isometric force in the hip (abductors, adductors, extensors and flexion) | 6 weeks, 3x × weeks, 8 dynamic exercises (1–2 sets of 5–10 reps) and 2 isometric exercises (30 s hold time x × 10 reps) | 6 | |
| Genc et al. [65] | Handball |
10 females CON = 10 TMT = 10 |
CON; 18 ± 1.9 TMT; 18 ± 1.4 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
Agility, CMJ, Horizontal jump 10- and 30-m sprint |
Prone bride, Biering-Sorensen test, Star Excursion Balance test |
8 weeks, 3x × week, 30 min. 6–12 exercises, 2 sets, 10–35 repetitions | 5 | |
| Ozmen et al. [74] | Handball |
20 males CON = 10 TMT = 10 |
CON; 15 ± 0.5 TMT; 15 ± 0.3 |
Sub-elite/Recreational | Throwing velocity (standing, 3 steps and jump), | Squat jump |
Star Excursion Balance test, Side bridge |
6 weeks, 2x × week, 10–20 reps and 20 s hold time | 5 |
| Patil et al. [20] | Swimming |
60 mix mixed sex CON = 30 TMT = 30 |
CON males; 15 ± 1.3 CON females; 13 ± 1.5 TMT males; 15 ± 1.3 TMT females; 13 ± 1.5 |
Sub-elite/Recreational | 50-m front crawl, stroke rate, stroke length | Prone bridge | 6 weeks, 3x × week, 30–60 min, 6 exercises, isometric exercises with hold time between 15 and 60 s | 7 | |
| Saeterbakken et al. [16] | Handball |
24 females CON n = 10 TMT n = 14 |
17 ± 0.3 | Sub-elite/Recreational | Throwing velocity (standing) | 6 weeks, 2x × week, 60 min. 6 dynamic exercises, 4 sets of 4–6 repetitions | 5 | ||
| Weston et al. [19] | Swimming |
20 mix mixed sex CON n = 10 TMT n = 10 |
16 ± 1. 0 | Elite | 50-m swim time | Prone bridge time | 12 weeks, 3x × week, 30 min. 4 dynamic and 2 Isometric exercises, 2–4 sets, 30–120 s holds or 10–30 repetitions | 5 |