Table 3.
Overview of included studies of adult (aged ≤ 18 years) athletes
| Study | Sport | Number of subjects | Age (years) | Performance level | Sport-specific performance | Physical fitness | Trunk tests | Trunk training intervention | PEDro score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afyon [64] | Soccer |
36 males CON n = 18 TMT n = 18 |
CON; 22 ± 2.6 TMT; 21 ± 2.1 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
CMJ MVIC leg |
Isometric back strength | 8 weeks, 2x × week, 15–20 min. 10 exercises, 1–3 sets, 12–20 s duration or 8–20 repetition | 3 | |
| Butcher et al. [62] | Mix |
55 (20 males, 35 females) CON n = 14 TMT n = 14 TMT + LLS = 14 LSS n = 13 |
CON; 24 ± 4 TMT; 23 ± 3 TMT + LLS; 23 ± 4 LLS; 21 ± 3 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
Vertical takeoff speed Leg press strength |
Modified double straight leg-lowering | TMT: 9 weeks, 3x × week, 3 sets of 5 reps | 5 | |
| Dağanay et al. [38] | Soccer |
24 males CON = 12 TMT = 12 |
CON; 18 ± 0.8 TMT; 18 ± 0.7 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
Linear speed (40 m) Agility (T-test) Agility (Hexagon test) |
8 weeks, 3x × week, 30–35 min, 10 dynamic and static exercises, 2–3 sets with 10–30 reps with an progressive intensity (50–80% of max) | 6 | ||
| Hung et al. [57] | Mix (long-distance runners, football, basketball and rugby |
21 males CON n = 10 TMT n = 11 |
21 ± 2.0 | Sub-elite/Recreational |
VO2max, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, RPE |
Balance (3 conditions with eyes open and 3 with eyes closed), time to failure in a sport specific plank test (SEPT) | 8 weeks, 2–4x × week, 30 min, dynamic and isometric exercises, 3 sets, 20–25 reps and 3 sets, 30–60 s holds | 5 | |
| Karpiński et al. [60] | Swimming |
16 males CON n = 8 TMT n = 8 |
CON; 20 ± 1.9 TMT; 20 ± 1.2 |
Elite | 50-m front crawl | Starting kinematics | 6 weeks, 3x × week, 25 min. 4 exercises, 40 s work, 20 s pause x × 4 set.s | 7 | |
| Kim [59] | Golf |
17 females CON n = 8 TMT n = 9 |
CON; 22 ± 4.4 TMT; 23 ± 3.7 |
Elite | Driving distance | Flexibility (flexion and extension), isotonic, and isometric strength lower back | 12 weeks, 3x × week, 60 min, 7 dynamic exercises, 3 sets, 12–14 reps. In addition; dead lift and squat (60% of 1RM, 3 sets, 12–14 reps) | 4 | |
| Kuhn et al. [53] | Handball |
20 females CON n = 10, TMT n = 10 |
23 ± 4.4 | Sub-elite/Recreational | Throwing velocity; standing and jump throw | Isometric strength, time to failure in ventral, dorsal and lateral (plank) positions | 6 weeks, 2x × week, 45 min. 4 dynamic and 4 isometric exercises, 2 sets of 45 s holds or duration | 7 | |
| Manchado et al. [54] | Handball |
30 males CON n = 15 TMT n = 15 |
19 ± 7.7 | Sub-elite/Recreational | Throwing velocity; standing throw, with run-up and jump throw | 10 weeks, 3x × week, 10–25 min. 7 dynamic and isometric exercises | 7 | ||
| Mills et al. [61] | Volley- and basketball |
30 females CON n = 10 TMT 1 n = 10 TMT 2 n = 10 |
CON; 19 ± 1.7 TMT1; 20 ± 2.0 TMT2; 19 ± 1.1 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
Agility (T-test) Vertical jump (Sargent`s test) |
Balance (Bass stick test) |
10 weeks, 4x × week. TMT 1; LMS exercises with isometric and dynamic exercises VTG 2; GMS exercises 12–40 reps, 2–3 sets |
6 | |
| Sato and Mokha [58] | Running |
20 (males and females) CON n = 12 TMT n = 8 |
37 ± 9.4 | Sub-elite/Recreational | 5000-m performance | Star excursion balance test | 6 weeks, 4x × week, 5 dynamic exercises, 2–3 sets, 10–15 reps | 5 | |
| Sharma et al. [49] | Volleyball |
40 (20 males and 20 females) CON n = 20 TMT n = 20 |
22 ± 1.8 | Sub-elite/Recreational | CMJ, squat jump, spike jump and block jump | Static balance standing on a wobble board | 9 weeks, 5x × week, 30–40 min. 10–16 dynamic exercise, 4 sets, 10 reps | 7 | |
| Sung et al. [18] | Golf |
60 males CON n = 20 TMT n = 20 |
CON; 24 ± 1.0 TMT; 23 ± 0.5 |
Elite | Drive distance | Peak isokinetic torque of non-dominant arm (wrist, elbow. and shoulder) | Peak isokinetic torque in the trunk (extension and flexion) | 8 weeks, 3x × week, 60 min, 5 dynamic exercises (3 sets, 12–15 reps) | 7 |
| Taskin [67] | Soccer |
40 females CON = 20 TMT = 20 |
CON; 19 ± 0.8 TMT; 19 ± 1.2 |
Sub-elite/Recreational |
30-m sprint aAcceleration (0–10 m) Squat jump Horizontal jump |
8 weeks, 3x × week, 2 sets, 10–15 reps or 25–40- sec hold time | 7 | ||
| Tse et al. [17] | Rowing |
34 CON n = 20 TMT n = 14 |
CON; 20 ± 1.0 TMT; 21 ± 1.0 |
Sub-elite/Recreational | 2,000-m row performance including time, blood lactate concentration, and heart rate |
40-m sprint, shuttle run and lower-body power |
Overhead medicine ball throw, trunk endurance (flexion, extension, and later flexion) |
8 weeks, 2x × week, 30–40 min. Trunk stability and endurance exercises In addition, both CON and TMT conducted a circuit training program (2 sets, 12–15 reps, 50% of max) |
3 |
| Vignesh-waren [60] | Soccer |
20 males CON = 10 TMT = 10 |
22–24 | Sub-elite/Recreational | 50-m sprint | 6 weeks, 5x × week, 30 min, in addition to two plyometric lower-body exercises | 6 |