Table 3.
Psychosocial developmental milestones YACCS (total group and CNS cancer) versus the norm group; CoLQ item scores
| YACCS total group | YACCS CNS cancer | Norm group | Total vs Norm | CNS cancer vs norm | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | N | % | N | % | N | OR [99% CI] | OR [99% CI] | |
| (a) Frequencies of the (dichotomized) items of autonomy development | ||||||||
| Regular chore in your family, e.g., washing dishes, setting the table; primary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
33.4 66.6 |
186 371 |
29.5 70.5 |
18 43 |
39.5 60.5 |
259 396 |
0.74 [0.54; 1.01] | 0.57 [0.27; 1.22] |
| Paid jobs/chores outside home, e.g., washing cars, mowing lawns; primary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
31.7 68.3 |
177 381 |
23.0 77.0 |
14 47 |
23.8 76.2 |
156 499 |
1.39 [0.99; 1.94] | 0.81 [0.35; 1.86] |
| Regular job/chore in your family, secondary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
55.3 44.7 |
308 249 |
54.1 45.9 |
33 28 |
52.2 47.8 |
342 313 |
1.14 [0.84; 1.54] | 1.03 [0.51; 2.08] |
| Paid jobs, secondary school | ||||||||
|
At the age of 18 or younger At the age of 19 or older/never |
81.5 18.5 |
455 103 |
62.3 37.7 |
38 23 |
85.0 15.0 |
557 98 |
0.76 [0.51; 1.14] | 0.27a** [0.13; 0.57] |
| For the first time being on holiday without adults | ||||||||
|
At the age of 17 or younger At the age of 18 or older/never |
44.4 55.6 |
247 309 |
21.3 78.7 |
13 48 |
42.6 57.4 |
279 376 |
1.05 [0.78; 1.42] | 0.34a* [0.15; 0.78] |
| Leaving your parents’ place | ||||||||
|
Not living with your parents Still living with your parents |
69.7 30.3 |
388 169 |
65.6 34.4 |
40 21 |
65.8 34.2 |
431 224 |
0.70 [0.47; 1.06] | 0.25a** [0.09; 0.65] |
| (b) Frequencies of the (dichotomized) items of psychosexual development | ||||||||
| First girlfriend/boyfriend | ||||||||
|
At the age of 17 or younger At the age of 18 or older/never |
64.5 35.5 |
359 198 |
45.9 54.1 |
28 33 |
63.4 36.6 |
415 240 |
1.00 [0.73; 1.37] | 0.44a* [0.22; 0.89] |
| For the first time falling in love | ||||||||
|
At the age of 18 or younger At the age of 19 or older/never |
88.8 11.2 |
492 62 |
78.7 21.3 |
48 13 |
86.6 13.4 |
567 88 |
1.16 [0.73; 1.83] | 0.51 [0.21; 1.23] |
| For the first time sexual intimacy | ||||||||
|
At the age of 18 or younger At the age of 19 or older/never |
75.3 24.7 |
417 137 |
60.0 40.0 |
36 24 |
72.4 27.6 |
474 181 |
1.10 [.78; 1.55] | 0.48a* [0.23; 0.99] |
| For the first time sexual intercourse | ||||||||
|
At the age of 18 or younger At the age of 19 or older/never |
59.5 40.5 |
328 223 |
32.8 67.2 |
20 41 |
57.4 42.6 |
376 279 |
1.04 [0.77; 1.42] | 0.30a** [0.14; 0.63] |
| (c) Frequencies of the (dichotomized) items of social development | ||||||||
| At least one year of membership in a sports club, primary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
84.5 15.5 |
469 86 |
91.7 8.3 |
55 5 |
80.3 19.7 |
526 129 |
1.37 [0.92; 2.04] | 2.83 [0.82; 9.75] |
| Number of friends in first–third grade, primary school | ||||||||
|
4 or more Less than 4 |
61.0 39.0 |
340 217 |
50.8 49.2 |
31 30 |
60.0 40.0 |
393 262 |
1.04 [0.76; 1.41] | 0.67 [0.33; 1.34] |
| Number of friends in fourth–sixth grade, primary school | ||||||||
|
4 or more Less than 4 |
63.4 36.6 |
352 203 |
50.8 49.2 |
31 30 |
60.3 39.7 |
395 260 |
1.14 [0.84; 1.56] | 0.68 [0.34; 1.38] |
| Best friend, primary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
78.7 21.3 |
437 118 |
70.5 29.5 |
43 18 |
71.9 28.1 |
471 184 |
1.39 [0.97; 1.97] | 0.81 [0.37; 1.75] |
| Most of the time playing with …, primary school | ||||||||
|
Friends Brothers and/or sisters, parents, on your own |
81.5 18.5 |
455 103 |
72.1 27.9 |
44 17 |
84.0 16.0 |
550 105 |
0.83 [0.56; 1.23] | 0.46 [0.21; 1.02] |
| At least one year of membership in a sports club, secondary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
74.5 25.5 |
415 142 |
81.7 18.3 |
49 11 |
62.4 37.6 |
409 246 |
1.80b** [1.29; 2.50] | 2.81b* [1.15; 6.85] |
| Number of friends, secondary school | ||||||||
|
4 or more Less than 4 |
64.5 35.5 |
360 198 |
42.6 57.4 |
26 35 |
62.0 38.0 |
406 249 |
1.15 [0.84; 1.57] | 0.46a* [0.23; 0.94] |
| Best friend, secondary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
70.6 29.4 |
393 164 |
63.9 36.1 |
39 22 |
66.1 33.9 |
433 222 |
1.22 [0.88; 1.69] | 0.79 [0.38; 1.66] |
| Belonging to a group of friends, secondary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
80.1 19.9 |
444 110 |
57.4 42.6 |
35 26 |
78.6 21.4 |
515 140 |
1.14 [0.79; 1.66] | 0.37a** [0.18; 0.76] |
| Leisure time, mainly with …, secondary school | ||||||||
|
Friends Brothers and/or sisters, parents, on your own |
79.9 20.1 |
446 112 |
57.4 42.6 |
35 26 |
83.5 16.5 |
547 108 |
0.74 [0.50; 1.10] | 0.23a** [0.11; 0.48] |
| Going out to a bar or disco, secondary school | ||||||||
|
Sometimes/often Never |
74.4 25.6 |
415 143 |
60.7 39.3 |
37 24 |
74.0 26.0 |
485 170 |
0.93 [0.66; 1.32] | 0.47a* [0.23; 0.99] |
| At least one year of membership in a sports club, after secondary school | ||||||||
|
Yes No |
53.0 47.0 |
296 262 |
57.4 42.6 |
35 26 |
39.4 60.6 |
258 397 |
1.72b** [1.27; 2.34] | 2.22b* [1.09; 4.52] |
CNS central nervous system and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasm; OR odds ratio/exponent B; CI confidence interval
*p < 0.01; **p < 0.001; significant differences (p < 0.01) between YACCS and the norm group are presented in bold
aThe proportion of YACCS CNS cancer that achieved the milestone was significantly lower than the proportion in the norm group, according to logistic regression analyses corrected for age and sex
bThe proportion of YACCS CNS cancer that achieved the milestone was significantly higher than the proportion in the norm group, according to logistic regression analyses corrected for age and sex