Table 1.
Participant characteristics and baseline comparisons of outcome measures
| Study | Sample size | Physical characteristics | Training background | Baseline comparisons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atashak and Jafari [45] | CrM 9; PL 9 |
CrM: Age 17.41 ± 0.26 years; height 174.6 ± 4.87 cm; body mass 66.9 ± 7.89 kg PL: Age: 17.55 ± 0.35 years; height 172.08 ± 7.91 cm; body mass 70.33 ± 15.22 kg |
M, young soccer players | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Bassit et al. [46] | CrM 5; PL 6 | Age 40.3 ± 2.18 years; height 178.2 ± 2.04 cm; body mass 76.3 ± 2.29 kg; triathlon participation 5.3 ± 0.80 years | M, ironman triathletes | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Bassit et al. [47] | CrM 4; PL 4 |
CrM: Age 38 ± 7.1 years; height 178 ± 11.2 cm; body mass 77.4 ± 13.6 kg; triathlon participation 7.0 ± 0.7 years PL: Age 37 ± 7.7 years; height 176.5 ± 8.1 cm; body mass 76.7 ± 10.2 kg; triathlon participation 6.5 ± 2.3 years |
M, ironman triathletes | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Basta et al. [48] | CrM 10; PL 10 |
CrM: Age 21.6 ± 4.11 years; height 193 ± 6.02 cm; body mass 91.5 ± 7.65 kg PL: Age 21.6 ± 1.64 years; height 189 ± 5.69 cm; body mass 85.8 ± 9.21 kg |
Elite rowers from senior national rowing team | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Boychuk et al. [49] | CrM 7; PL 7 |
CrM: Age 24 ± 6 years; height 178.1 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 82.4 ± 14.1 kg PL: Age 22 ± 5 years; height 181.6 ± 5.4 cm; body mass: 84.4 ± 13.1 kg |
M; recreationally active | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Brose et al. [50] | CrM 14 (8 M, 6F); PL 14 (7 M, 7F) |
CrM M: Age 68.7 ± 4.8 years; height 172.0 ± 6.3 cm; body mass 84.1 ± 14.0 kg; intake 2249 ± 488 kcal/day; %PRO 16 ± 2; %CHO 54 ± 6; %Fat 29 ± 5; PRO 1.1 ± 0.3 ([g/kg]/day) CrM F: Age 70.8 ± 6.1 years; height 159.3 ± 6.9 cm; body mass 65.4 ± 16.2 kg; intake 1821 ± 457 kcal/day; %PRO 16 ± 3; %CHO 50 ± 7; %Fat 33 ± 5; PRO 1.16 ± 0.3 ([g/kg]/day) PL M: Age 68.3 ± 3.2 years; height 168.1 ± 4.9 cm; body mass 76.6 ± 9.8 kg; intake 2603 ± 587 kcal/day; %PRO 16 ± 3; %CHO 49 ± 12; %Fat 30 ± 6; PRO 1.4 ± 0.4 ([g/kg]/day) PL F: Age 69.9 ± 5.6 years; height 160.4 ± 7.7 cm; body mass 66.2 ± 14.0 kg; intake 1788 ± 507 kcal/day; %PRO 16 ± 4; %CHO 46 ± 12; %Fat 30 ± 5; PRO 1.1 ± 0.4 ([g/kg]/day) |
M and F, community-dwelling older adults |
Significant differences in height and intake between M and F in CrM group Significant differences in height, weight, and intake between M and F in PL group |
| Cooke et al. [27] | CrM 7; PL 7 |
CrM: Age 22.6 ± 2 years, height 173 ± 7.7 cm, body mass 77.9 ± 12 kg PL: Age 21.7 ± 3 years, height 173 ± 7.7 cm, body mass 74.4 ± 7 kg |
M, untrained | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Fernandez-Landa et al. [31] | CrM 7; PL 7 |
CrM: Height 183.4 ± 7.8 cm; body mass 81.2 ± 5.0 kg PL: Height 184.9 ± 2.4 cm; body mass 81.9 ± 6.3 kg |
M, traditional rowers | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Hayward et al. [34] | Protein + CrM 10; protein only 8 | Age 20 ± 1 years; height 167 ± 1 cm; body mass: 63.5 ± 1.6 kg | F, healthy and non-resistance trained | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Kaviani et al. [32] | CrM 9; PL 9 | Age 23 ± 3 years; height 173 ± 6 cm; body mass 73.6 ± 5.5 kg | M, inactive | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Machado et al. [51] | CrM 11F, 15 M; PL 11F, 12 M |
CrM: Age 21 ± 2 years; height 175.0 ± 6.0 cm; body mass 64.4 ± 11.5 kg PL: Age 21 ± 2 years; height 176.1 ± 9.5 cm; body mass 64.5 ± 13.2 kg |
M and F; sedentary | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| McKinnon et al. [35] | CrM 9 (5 M, 4F); PL 9 (6 M, 3F) |
CrM: Age 21 ± 2 years; body mass 84.52 ± 21.02 kg PL: Age 20.78 ± 1.20; body mass 70.51 ± 14.43 kg |
M and F; no upper body strength training | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Mirzaei et al. [52] | CrM 15; PL 16 |
CrM: Age 19.07 ± 2.72 years; height 173 ± 5.82 cm; body mass 73.00 ± 13.09 kg PL: Age 20.00 ± 2.82 years; height 174 ± 7.38 cm; body mass 86.00 ± 16.88 kg |
M, college-aged wrestlers | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Percario et al. [33] | CrM 9; PL 9 |
CrM: Age 17.10 ± 1.63 years; height 182 ± 6 cm; body mass 79 ± 10 kg PL: Age 17.10 ± 1.63 years; height 181 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 80 ± 11 kg |
M, handball athletes | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Rahimi [53] | CrM 15; PL 12 |
CrM: Age 21.6 ± 3.6 years, height 174 ± 8 cm, body mass 71.9 ± 7.8 kg PL: Age 21.2 ± 3.2 years, height 171 ± 6 cm, body mass 69.1 ± 10.4 kg |
M, resistance trained | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Rawson et al. [36] | CrM 12; PL 11 |
CrM: Age 20.0 ± 0.4 years; height 176.1 ± 1.5 cm; body mass 76.6 ± 4.5 kg PL: Age 21.1 ± 1.6 years, height 179.2 ± 1.5 cm; body mass 80.7 ± 2.0 kg |
M, no weight-training experience | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Rawson et al. [38] | CrM 11; PL 11 |
CrM: Age 22.2 ± 1.3 years; height 176.4 ± 6.3 cm; body mass 88.4 ± 11.5 kg; training experience 6.4 ± 3.3 years PL: Age 22.1 ± 2.5 years; height 177.2 ± 5.7 cm; body mass 83.4 ± 8.2 kg; training experience 5.8 ± 3.1 years |
M, resistance trained | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Santana et al. [54] | CrM + Caf 6; PL + Caf 5 | Age 20–30 years; body mass CrM + Caf 71.0 ± 15.01 kg, PL + Caf 70.8 ± 13.4 kg; running experience ≥ 6 months | M and F, healthy and active | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Santi et al. [55] | CrM 7; PL 7 |
CrM: Age 18 ± 0.3 years; height 183 ± 4 cm; body mass 70.7 ± 10.7 kg PL: Age 19 ± 0.4 years; height 183 ± 6 cm; body mass 80.9 ± 6.2 kg |
M; healthy and well-trained | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Santos et al. [56] | CrM 18; PL 16 | Age 25.5 ± 3.2 years; height 167.4 ± 5.4 cm; body mass 62.5 ± 7.9 kg; training experience 64. ± 1.1 years | M, trained athletes | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Taylor et al. [37] | CrM 10; PL 9 |
CrM: Age 60 ± 7 years; BMI 25.8 ± 3.9 kg/m2 PL: Age 52 ± 6 years; BMI 28.4 ± 4.6 kg/m2 |
Did not participate in regular exercise > 2 days per week | No significant differences between conditions for all measures except between-groups age |
| Veggi et al. [28] | CrM 9; PL 9 |
CrM: Age 23.9 ± 5.5 years; height 176 ± 4.0 cm; body mass 74.2 ± 3.7 kg PL: Age 24.3 ± 4.9 years; height 178 ± 6.0 cm; body mass 74.5 ± 6.7 kg |
M, healthy, not resistance trained for > 12 months | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
| Wang et al. [29] | CrM 15; PL 15 |
CrM: Age 20 ± 2 years; height 171.93 ± 4.86 cm; body mass 67.86 ± 6.72 kg PL: Age 20 ± 1 years; height 175.93 ± 8.49 cm; body mass 70.21 ± 11.16 kg |
M, athletes from football, basketball, and tchoukball team | No significant differences between conditions for all measures |
BMI body mass index, Caf caffeine, CHO carbohydrate, CrM creatine monohydrate, F female, M male, PL placebo, PRO protein