Table 2.
Meta-analysis summary
| Outcome | Summary of findings | Quality of evidence synthesis (GRADE) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K(k) | N(n) | SMD (95% CI) | p-value | I2 (%) | Imprecision | Inconsistency | Risk of bias | Overall quality | |
| CK 1 h (ecc) | 2 (2) | 58 (58) | 0.85 (− 0.93 to 2.63) | 0.349 | 87.5 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| CK 1 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| CK 24 h (ecc) | 11 (16) | 373 (470) | 0.12 (− 0.31 to 0.54) | 0.595 | 63.1 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| CK 24 h (hit) | 5 (6) | 105 (113) | − 0.85 (− 1.61 to − 0.08) | 0.030 | 58.6 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| CK 48 h (ecc) | 11 (16) | 373 (470) | − 0.04 (− 0.37 to 0.30) | 0.834 | 50.6 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| CK 48 h (hit) | 4 (5) | 81 (89) | − 1.36 (− 2.51 to − 0.20) | 0.022 | 77.3 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| CK 72 h (ecc) | 10 (15) | 353 (450) | − 0.15 (− 0.57 to 0.27) | 0.494 | 61.5 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| CK 72 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(2)) | ||||||||
| CK 96 h (ecc) | 6 (10) | 243 (326) | − 0.04 (− 0.43 to 0.35) | 0.839 | 39.4 | None | None | None | High |
| CK 96 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| CK 168 h (ecc) | 2 (3) | 71 (85) | − 0.62 (− 1.05 to − 0.18) | 0.006 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| CK 168 h (hit) | No studies | ||||||||
| DOMS 1 h (ecc) | 4 (4) | 64 (90) | 0.00 (− 1.09 to 1.10) | 0.998 | 69.4 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| DOMS 1 h (hit) | 9 (10) | 149 (229) | − 1.10 (− 1.81 to − 0.40) | 0.002 | 78.1 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| DOMS 24 h (ecc) | 13 (17) | 401 (497) | − 0.51 (− 1.10 to 0.09) | 0.094 | 75.9 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| DOMS 24 h (hit) | 20 (25) | 297 (497) | − 0.89 (− 1.48 to − 0.29) | 0.003 | 77.4 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| DOMS 48 h (ecc) | 12 (16) | 375 (471) | − 0.48 (− 0.79 to − 0.16) | 0.003 | 49.1 | None | None | None | High |
| DOMS 48 h (hit) | 11 (16) | 164 (330) | − 0.82 (− 1.57 to − 0.07) | 0.031 | 83.2 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| DOMS 72 h (ecc) | 10 (14) | 340 (423) | − 0.55 (− 0.86 to − 0.23) | 0.001 | 33.4 | None | None | None | High |
| DOMS 72 h (hit) | 4 (6) | 69 (104) | 0.09 (− 0.40 to 0.59) | 0.718 | 23.9 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| DOMS 96 h (ecc) | 8 (12) | 296 (379) | − 0.41 (− 0.62 to − 0.21) | < 0.001 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| DOMS 96 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| DOMS 168 h (ecc) | 2 (2) | 42 (55) | − 0.78 (− 1.87 to 0.31) | 0.160 | 75.0 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| DOMS 168 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Power 1 h (ecc) | 2 (2) | 33 (46) | − 0.25 (− 0.58 to 0.07) | 0.123 | 9.9 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Power 1 h (hit) | 4 (5) | 84 (174) | − 0.22 (− 0.52 to 0.09) | 0.160 | 14.3 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Power 24 h (ecc) | 6 (8) | 174 (201) | 0.34 (0.06 to 0.62) | 0.018 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| Power 24 h (hit) | 17 (29) | 278 (676) | 0.22 (0.004 to 0.43) | 0.046 | 74.6 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| Power 48 h (ecc) | 7 (10) | 196 (245) | 0.47 (0.22 to 0.73) | < 0.001 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| Power 48 h (hit) | 10 (14) | 163 (357) | − 0.02 (− 0.12 to 0.07) | 0.608 | 4.8 | None | None | None | High |
| Power 72 h (ecc) | 4 (5) | 115 (129) | 0.62 (0.27 to 0.98) | 0.001 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| Power 72 h (hit) | 2 (3) | 25 (52) | − 0.01 (− 0.51 to 0.49) | 0.969 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Power 96 h (ecc) | 2 (3) | 71 (85) | 0.41 (− 0.02 to 0.84) | 0.062 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Power 96 h (hit) | 2 (2) | 37 (37) | 0.05 (− 0.59 to 0.70) | 0.873 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Power 168 h (ecc) | 2 (3) | 71 (85) | 0.36 (− 0.23 to 0.95) | 0.228 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Power 168 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Strength 1 h (ecc) | 2 (2) | 38 (38) | 2.31 (− 4.25 to 8.88) | 0.490 | 97.2 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| Strength 1 h (hit) | 2 (2) | 42 (42) | − 0.11 (− 0.72 to 0.50) | 0.720 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Strength 24 h (ecc) | 8 (10) | 224 (258) | 0.74 (− 0.78 to 2.26) | 0.340 | 76.0 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| Strength 24 h (hit) | 3 (3) | 62 (62) | 0.12 (− 0.38 to 0.62) | 0.637 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Strength 48 h (ecc) | 8 (10) | 224 (258) | 0.84 (− 0.89 to 2.57) | 0.339 | 78.9 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| Strength 48 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Strength 72 h (ecc) | 8 (10) | 224 (258) | 0.64 (− 0.51 to 1.79) | 0.276 | 74.9 | None | − 1 | None | Moderate |
| Strength 72 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Strength 96 h (ecc) | 5 (7) | 165 (199) | − 0.30 (− 0.78 to 0.17) | 0.212 | 36.8 | None | None | None | High |
| Strength 96 h (hit) | No studies | ||||||||
| Strength 168 h (ecc) | 2 (3) | 71 (85) | − 0.09 (− 0.51 to 0.34) | 0.691 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Strength 168 h (hit) | No studies | ||||||||
| Perceived recovery 24 h (ecc) | 2 (6) | 159 (242) | 0.15 (− 0.29 to 0.59) | 0.493 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| Perceived recovery 24 h (hit) | 5 (5) | 79 (135) | 0.66 (0.29 to 1.03) | 0.001 | 34.3 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Perceived recovery 48 h (ecc) | 2 (6) | 159 (242) | 0.14 (− 0.11 to 0.39) | 0.274 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| Perceived recovery 48 h (hit) | 2 (2) | 38 (76) | − 0.02 (− 0.38 to 0.34) | 0.901 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | High |
| Perceived recovery 72 h (ecc) | 2 (6) | 159 (242) | 0.55 (0.29 to 0.80) | < 0.001 | 0 | None | None | None | High |
| Perceived recovery 72 h (hit) | No studies | ||||||||
| Perceived recovery 96 h (ecc) | 2 (6) | 159 (242) | 0.38 (0.12 to 0.64) | 0.004 | 2.9 | None | None | None | High |
| Perceived recovery 96 h (hit) | No studies | ||||||||
| Endurance 24 h (ecc) | No studies | ||||||||
| Endurance 24 h (hit) | 5 (5) | 51 (102) | − 0.14 (− 0.40 to 0.13) | 0.316 | 73.6 | − 1 | − 1 | − 1 | Very low |
| Endurance 48 h (ecc) | No studies | ||||||||
| Endurance 48 h (hit) | 2 (2) | 24 (46) | 0.12 (− 0.16 to 0.40) | 0.400 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Flexibility 1 h (ecc) | No studies | ||||||||
| Flexibility 1 h (hit) | 3 (3) | 62 (92) | 2.14 (− 1.77 to 6.06) | 0.283 | 92.9 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| Flexibility 24 h (ecc) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Flexibility 24 h (hit) | 3 (3) | 55 (94) | 1.52 (− 1.78 to 4.82) | 0.367 | 92.6 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| Flexibility 48 h (ecc) | 2 (2) | 38 (38) | 0.23 (− 0.41 to 0.87) | 0.481 | 0 | − 1 | None | None | Moderate |
| Flexibility 48 h (hit) | 3 (3) | 62 (92) | 2.23 (− 1.86 to 6.32) | 0.286 | 93.3 | − 1 | − 1 | None | Low |
| Flexibility 72 h (ecc) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Flexibility 72 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Flexibility 96 h (ecc) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
| Flexibility 96 h (hit) | Data could not be pooled (K(k) = 1(1)) | ||||||||
CK creatine kinase, DOMS delayed onset muscle soreness, ecc eccentric exercise, GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, h hour, hit high-intensity exercise, K(k) unique studies (observation points), N(n) unique participants (observation points), SMD standardised mean difference, 95% CI 95% confidence interval