Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies (N = 14)
| References | Participants | Age (years) | Wearable device. HR assessment | Setup information | VO2max estimation | Reference standard | VO2max protocol | Statistical analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson et al. 2019 [29] | 25 recreational runners, men (17) and women (8) | 39.4 ± 10.8 | Garmin Fenix 5X. Wrist-measured HR (PPG) | Age, sex, height, and weight | Exercise test: walking or jogging warm-up + 10-min run at their highest perceived pace + 5-min cool down walking | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | T test and Pearson’s r |
| Carrier et al. 2020 [44] | 17 recreational runners, men (8) and women (9) | 24.8 ± 4.3 | Garmin Fenix 3 + chest HR strap | HRmax and unspecified info | Exercise test: 15-min outdoor run above 70% HRmax | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics | Treadmill: modified Costill-Fox running protocol (speed increase first and 2% inclination increase second each 2 min) | T test, MAPE, Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman |
| Cooper and Shafer 2019 [47] | 19 healthy, men (9) and women (10) | 21.9 ± 4.2 | Polar A300 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, and weight | Resting HR: 5 min supine position | Indirect calorimetry: Cosmed Fitmate Pro | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | Pearson’s r and ANOVA |
| Crouter et al. 2004 [27] | 20 active men (10) and women (10) |
Men: 26.0 ± 3.1 Women: 23.0 ± 2.4 |
Polar S410 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity level | Resting HR: supine position | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueMax 2400 | Treadmill: individual ramp running protocol (individual start, increase 1% incline per min) | T test and Pearson’s r |
| Esco et al. 2011 [37] | 50 active men | 24.0 ± 5.1 | Polar F11 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity level | Resting HR: supine position | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | T test, Pearson’s r and Bland–Altman |
| Esco et al. 2014 [40] | 20 female soccer players | 21.5 ± 1.7 | Polar FT40 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity level | Resting HR: 5 min supine position | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | Bland–Altman and MAPE |
| Freeberg et al. 2019 [46] | 30 healthy, men (17) and women (13) | 21.7 ± 3.1 | Fitbit Charge 2. Wrist-measured HR (PPG) | Not specified | Exercise test: 2 × 10 min at highest intensity possible | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: individual ramp running protocol (4–7 mph, increase 1% incline per min) + verification test | ANOVA, Pearson’s r, MAPE, Bland–Altman and ICC |
| Klepin et al. 2019 [25] | 65 healthy men (27) and women (33) | 31.0 ± 7.3 | Fitbit Charge 2. Wrist-measured HR (PPG) | Age, sex, handedness, height, and weight | Exercise test: 3 × 15 min at comfortable pace | Indirect calorimetry: Cosmed | Treadmill: ramp running protocol (5 mph, increase by 0.75 MET per min) | Bland–Altman and MAPE |
| Kraft and Dow 2017 [30] | 16 healthy, men (10) and women (6) | 22.4 ± 5.2 | Garmin Forerunner 920XT + chest HR strap | Height and weight | Exercise test: 10 min self-paced run | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | T test |
| Kraft and Dow 2018 [31] | 18 healthy, men (12) and women (6) | 21.3 ± 2.2 | Polar RS300X + chest HR strap | Age, height, weight, sex, and activity level | Resting HR: 5 min supine position | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | T test and Pearson’s r |
| Lowe et al. 2010 [51] | 32 active women | 20.3 ± 1.9 | Polar F6 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, and weight | Resting HR: 5 min sitting position | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | T test |
| Passler et al. 2019 [39] | 24 healthy, men (13) and women (11) | 23.4 ± 2.1 | Polar V800. Wrist-measured HR (PPG) | Not specified | Resting test: 10 min supine position (pretest), 3 min supine position, 3 min standing position | Indirect calorimetry: Metalyzer 3B-R3, Cortex | Treadmill: ramp protocol (7 km·h−1, increase by 0.5 km·h−1 per min) | T test, MAPE, Bland–Altman and ICC |
| Garmin Forerunner 920 XT. Wrist-measured HR (PPG) | Not specified | Exercise test: > 10 min self-paced run | ||||||
| Snyder et al. 2019 [28] | 44 healthy, men (22) and women (22) |
Men: 24.7 ± 5.4 Women: 25.0 ± 4.3 |
Polar V800 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity level | Resting HR: 5 min supine position | Indirect calorimetry: ParvoMedics TrueOne 2400 | Treadmill: Bruce running protocol (speed and inclination increase each 3 min) | ANOVA, Bland–Altman and Pearson’s r |
| Garmin Forerunner 230 + chest HR strap | Age, sex, height, weight, and HRmax | Exercise test: 10 min self- paced run | ||||||
| Wagner et al. 2020 [42] | 23 healthy men | 23.1 ± 2.5 | Garmin GF5 | Exercise test: 10 min and 30 s all out run | Indirect calorimetry: Metalyzer 3B, Cortex | Treadmill: ramp running protocol (10 km·h−1, incline 5%, increase by 2.5% per min) | Bland–Altman and ICC |
ANOVA analysis of variance, HR heart rate, HRmax maximum heart rate, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, MAPE mean absolute percentage error, MET metabolic equivalent, PPG photoplethysmography, VO2max maximal oxygen consumption