Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants (N = 188).
| Characteristics | Total (n = 188) | G1 (n = 103) | G2 (n = 20) | G3 (n = 25) | G4 (n = 40) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 13.6 | 58.4 ± 14.1 | 68.0 ± 12.2 | 66.7 ± 8.6 | 71.5 ± 10.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Male (%) | 65.4 | 62.1 | 50.5 | 88.0 | 67.5 | 0.040 |
| Underlying kidney disease | 0.46 | |||||
| Diabetic kidney disease (%) | 40.4 | 39.8 | 30.0 | 44.0 | 45.0 | |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis (%) | 32.4 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 16.0 | 35.0 | |
| Nephrosclerosis (%) | 19.7 | 17.5 | 25.0 | 36.0 | 12.5 | |
| Others (%) | 7.4 | 7.8 | 10.0 | 4.0 | 7.5 | |
| Hemodialysis vintage (years) | 2.3 (1.0–5.3) | 2.2 (0.9–5.1) | 3.0 (0.9–5.7) | 3.8 (1.6–6.0) | 1.5 (0.8–4.8) | 0.12 |
| Alcohol (%) | 20.7 | 18.4 | 15.0 | 36.0 | 20.0 | 0.23 |
| Smoking (%) | 23.4 | 25.2 | 20.0 | 28.0 | 17.5 | 0.71 |
| Hypertension (%) | 95.2 | 97.1 | 90.0 | 96.0 | 92.5 | 0.45 |
| Diabetes (%) | 43.6 | 43.7 | 40.0 | 44.0 | 45.0 | 0.98 |
| History of CVD (%) | 64.9 | 55.3 | 70.0 | 80.0 | 77.5 | 0.022 |
| Dry weight (kg) | 56.6 ± 12.7 | 58.8 ± 13.2 | 47.1 ± 8.7 | 63.5 ± 9.3 | 51.4 ± 10.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Height (cm) | 160.2 ± 8.7 | 160.8 ± 9.0 | 157.4 ± 7.6 | 162.0 ± 7.7 | 158.6 ± 8.6 | 0.16 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 4.0 | 22.6 ± 4.1 | 19.0 ± 3.1 | 24.2 ± 3.0 | 20.4 ± 3.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 57.4 ± 14.8 | 59.0 ± 12.2 | 62.3 ± 16.0 | 56.6 ± 15.8 | 51.2 ± 18.0 | 0.013 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 9.4 ± 3.1 | 10.2 ± 3.1 | 9.1 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.6 | 7.4 ± 2.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.6 ± 1.5 | 10.6 ± 1.5 | 10.4 ± 1.2 | 10.7 ± 1.2 | 10.6 ± 1.7 | 0.95 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 151 ± 33 | 152 ± 32 | 158 ± 46 | 158 ± 30 | 140 ± 29 | 0.095 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 0.086 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.0 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 0.8 | 8.8 ± 0.7 | 9.2 ± 0.9 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 0.37 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.5 ± 1.6 | 0.071 |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 113 (48–186) | 138 (63–219) | 133 (53–243) | 83 (49–145) | 71 (26–131) | 0.0076 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 142 ± 58 | 139 ± 58 | 143 ± 55 | 151 ± 54 | 143 ± 63 | 0.83 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.17 (0.08–0.54) | 0.14 (0.06–0.29) | 0.12 (0.09–0.12) | 0.22 (0.12–0.61) | 0.54 (0.15–2.44) | 0.0002 |
| Kt/V for urea | 1.38 ± 0.29 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | 1.56 ± 0.29 | 1.20 ± 0.21 | 1.38 ± 0.29 | 0.0004 |
| GNRI | 93.8 ± 8.3 | 96.5 ± 6.5 | 91.0 ± 8.5 | 96.1 ± 5.5 | 86.8 ± 9.5 | < 0.0001 |
| SCI | 20.5 ± 3.2 | 21.4 ± 3.2 | 19.8 ± 2.3 | 21.0 ± 2.4 | 18.4 ± 2.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Psoas muscle area (cm2) | 9.8 ± 4.6 | 12.0 ± 4.4 | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 10.9 ± 2.6 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | < 0.0001 |
| PMI (cm2/m2) | 3.7 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | < 0.0001 |
| PMD (HU) | 42.6 ± 9.9 | 48.7 ± 4.9 | 47.0 ± 4.8 | 33.2 ± 8.5 | 30.5 ± 5.7 | < 0.0001 |
PMI psoas muscle index, PMD psoas muscle density, CVD cardiovascular disease, iPTH intact parathyroid hormone, GNRI geriatric nutritional risk index, SCI simplified creatinine index, G1 higher PMI and higher PMD, G2 lower PMI and higher PMD, G3 higher PMI and lower PMD, G4 lower PMI and lower PMD.