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. 2022 Jun 21;12:10452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14440-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Development of the deep learning model. An overview of the training and validation of the model. RA, rheumatoid arthritis; OA, osteoarthritis; TKA, total knee arthroplasty. (b) Concept of classification by convolutional neural network. The convolutional neural network calculates the possibility of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis based on the input radiographs. If the probability of osteoarthritis was higher than 0.5, the radiograph was classified into ‘OA’. POA, probability of osteoarthritis; PRA, probability of rheumatoid arthritis.