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. 2022 Jun 21;12:10452. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14440-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Validation of the model with Grad-CAM on the datasets containing 115 radiographs of primary osteoarthritis. The red-colored region in the heatmap demonstrates the area with high contributed to the classification by the model. In 93.0% (107/115) radiographs, the class-discriminating area included joint areas. Eight radiographs where the class-discriminating area did not include joint area were surrounded by red rectangles. Correct; radiographs which were correctly classified as ‘OA’, Incorrect; radiographs which were incorrectly classified as ‘RA’.