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. 2022 Jun 21;12:10408. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14548-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Causal effect of 25OHD on TB-BMD in different age groups. 25OHD 25-hydroxyvitamin D, BMD bone mineral density, Effect the combined causal effect of 25OHD on BMD, CI confidence interval, IVW-fixed inverse variance weighted with fixed effects, IVW-random inverse variance weighted with random effects, MR.RAPS MR Robust Adjusted Profile Score, MR-PRESSO MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier.