Table 1.

Mediators that are identified in the pathogenetic process of CSH and possible interference with age

Mediator	CSH	Age
IL-6	Higher concentration in CSH fluid compared to plasma [6]	Increase with age [178]
IL-8	Higher concentration in CSH fluid compared to plasma [6]	No correlation of spontaneous levels with age; increased production in fibroblasts of the elderly after stimulation [179]
Eosinophils	Infiltration of eosinophils in outer membrane [64]	Age impairs effector functions [167]
Eotaxin 3 (CCL26)	Higher levels in CSH fluid compared to CSF [72]	Elevated levels in age- associated Neurodegenerative diseases [180]
TGF	Higher levels in CSH fluid compared to CSF [72]	Impairment of TGF signaling with age; upregulation of TGF-beta ligands [181]
VEGF	Higher levels in CSH fluid compared to plasma [35, 62]	Serum levels positively correlated with age [182]
bFGF	Higher levels in CSH fluid compared to plasma [2]	Expression of bFGF positively correlated with age in a mouse model of wound repair [183]
PDGF	Lower levels in CSH fluid compared to plasma [2]	Expression of PDGF delayed with increasing age in a mouse model of wound repair [183]
PlGF	Elevated levels in CSH fluid compared to plasma [88]	Role of PlGF restricted to pathological conditions [93] elevated in age-related retinal vasculopathies [184]
PAI	Lower levels in CSH fluid of layering and mixed density hematomas [92]	Elevated in the elderly [185]
MMP	Present in neomembranes [91] and hematoma [53]	Relevance in age-associated disorders [186, 187]
Bradykinin	Higher concentration in CSH fluid compared to plasma [60]	Downregulation of receptors in senescent cells [188]
TNF	Lower concentration in CSH fluid compared to plasma [104]	Increase with age [189–191]
tPA	Increased in CSH [59]; correlates with recurrence [92]	Reduced release with age [192]