Table 2.
Participant and intervention characteristics for all included studies
| Study | Group | N | Age (yrs) | Sex | Height (cm; mean ± SD) | Weight (kg; mean ± SD) | Population | Study duration (weeks) | Training frequency (sessions) (days/week) |
Training description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eliakim et al. [62] | ET | 10 | 15–17 | F | 161.4 ± 1.8 | 61.6 ± 3.9 | High-school students | 5 | 5 | Endurance-type training, consisting of running, aerobic dance, competitive sports (e.g., basketball) |
| C | 6 | 15–17 | F | 157.5 ± 1.5 | 52.9 ± 6.6 | |||||
| Zakas et al. [54] | ETa | 10 | 10 | M | 141.2 ± 6.3 | 38.6 ± 8.2 | Untrained children and adolescents | 12 | 3 | Interval training; 50 min/session, alternating heavy (80–86% HRmax) and light intervals (30–40% HRmax) on cycle ergometer |
| Ca | 8 | 10 | M | 138.3 ± 6.6 | 35.7 ± 6.0 | |||||
| ETb | 10 | 13 | M | 159.7 ± 7.1 | 51.7 ± 9.1 | |||||
| Cb | 9 | 13 | M | 157.8 ± 4.9 | 48.8 ± 6.4 | |||||
| ETc | 9 | 16 | M | 175.4 ± 4.9 | 72.4 ± 13.3 | |||||
| Cc | 9 | 16 | M | 173.0 ± 7.8 | 67.6 ± 12.0 | |||||
| Büyükyazi et al. [60] | ETa | 12 | 15.08 ± 0.4 | M | 175.4 ± 5.4 | 64.1 ± 7.1 | Junior male basketball players | 8 | 3 | Continuous running: 60 min/session, distance: 4800 m, at 80% HRmax |
| ETb | 12 | 15.07 ± 0.5 | M | 178.4 ± 6.2 | 66.0 ± 8.5 | |||||
| C | 12 | 15.6 ± 0.5 | M | 174.1 ± 6.7 | 68.2 ± 8.1 | |||||
| Eliakim et al. [63] | ET | 20 | 16.0 ± 0.7 m | M | 169.2 ± 1.6 | 61.0 ± 1.8 | Untrained high-school students | 5 | 5 | Endurance-type training consisting of running, aerobic dance, competitive sports |
| C | 18 | M | 170.3 ± 1.6 | 66.2 ± 3.5 | ||||||
| Messinis et al. [64] | ET | 9 | 10.33 ± 0.5 | M | 148.9 ± 5.4 | 41.9 ± 6.7 | Untrained prepubertals | 8 | 4 | Continuous cycling: 45 min/session, at a intensity of 75% of PWC170 test result. Readjusted training volume halfway |
| C | 8 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | M | 149.9 ± 7.5 | 46.1 ± 9.8 | |||||
| Scheett et al. [43] | ET | 12 | 9.95 ± 0.4 | M | 140.9 ± 2.8 | 33.75 ± 2.7 | Prepubertal and early pubertal students | 5 | 5 | Aerobic-type training: 90 min/session, consisted of age-appropriate and sport-specific drills and games and running, jumping, aerobic dance, and competitive sports (team sports and running games) |
| C | 14 | 10.04 ± 0.3 | M | 140.7 ± 1.9 | 36.83 ± 2.1 | |||||
| Eliakim et al. [29] | ET | 19 | 9.2 ± 0.1 m | F | 134.7 ± 1.3 m | 35.5 ± 2.3 | Untrained prepubertals | 5 | 5 | Aerobic-type training: 2 × 45 min daily endurance-type training consisting of running, dancing, soccer |
| C | 20 | F | 32.2 ± 2.2 | |||||||
| Andrade et al. [67] | ET | 14 | 11.7 ± 2.3 | M + F | 147.1 ± 3.9 | 40.6 ± 13.3 | Children with moderate asthma | 6 | 3 | Continuous treadmill running: 20–30 min/session, 20 min/session at 70% of HRmax for week 1–2 and 30 min/session at 80% of HRmax for week 3–6 |
| C | 17 | 11.4 ± 2.3 | M + F | 147.3 ± 6.1 | 45.2 ± 12.1 | |||||
| Rosenbaum et al. [66] | ET | 49 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | M + F | 164.3 ± 1.3 | 66.7 ± 3.2 | High-school students | 13 | 3 | Endurance-type training (dance/non-contact kickboxing) or regular gym class |
| C | 20 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | M + F | 162.9 ± 1.9 | 64.6 ± 5.6 | |||||
| Tsolakis et al. [56] | RT | 9 | 11.78 ± 0.8 | M | 152.2 ± 5.9 | 43.0 ± 9.5 | Untrained prepubertal | 8 | 3 | Upper-body resistance training, 60 min/session, using variable resistance machines, 6 exercises, 3 set × 10 reps at an intensity of 10RM |
| C | 10 | 12.0 ± 0.8 | M | 156.8 ± 8.68 | 43.2 ± 10.7 | |||||
| Gorostiaga et al. [61] | RT | 9 | 15.1 ± 0.7 | M | 173.1 ± 5.3 | 62.4 ± 7.1 | Adolescent handball players | 6 | 2 | Heavy resistance training: 40 min/session, 6–3 reps × 4 sets of five exercises (bench press, squat, knee flexion curl, leg press and pecdec) at a variable resistance gym apparatus, at an intensity ranging from 50–90% of 1RM |
| C | 9 | 14.8 ± 0.4 | M | 170.6 ± 3.9 | 64.8 ± 13.7 | |||||
| Gorostiaga et al. [59] | RT | 8 | 17.3 ± 0.5 | M | 175.1 ± 5.4 | 66.8 ± 6.0 | Adolescent soccer players | 11 | 2 | Periodized explosive strength training: lower body exercises, jump, and weight lifts, low-load and high-speed movements |
| C | 11 | 17.2 ± 0.7 | M | 177.4 ± 4.9 | 70.3 ± 6.7 | |||||
| Tsolakis et al. [55] | RTa | 9 | 11.78 ± 0.84 | M | 152.2 ± 5.91 | 43.0 ± 9.5 | Untrained high-school prepubertal | 8 | 2 | Upper-body resistance training: 60 min/session, using variable resistance machines, 6 exercises, 10 reps × 3 set, at an intensity of 10RM |
| Ca | 10 | 12.0 ± 0.82 | M | 156.8 ± 8.7 | 43.2 ± 10.7 | |||||
| RTb | 13 | 14.92 ± 0.86 | M | 169.1 ± 9.3 | 55.8 ± 9.0 | |||||
| Cb | 10 | 14.9 ± 0.88 | M | 166.5 ± 5.0 | 56.8 ± 5.9 | |||||
| Sarabia et al. [65] | RT | 11 | 15.6 ± 0.7 | M | 170.9 ± 5.1 m | 63.3 ± 9.1 m | Adolescent tennis players | 6 | 2 | Resistance training; exercises included supine bench press using free weights and parallel half squats in a smith- machine, squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), 60% 1RM |
| C | 9 | 15.25 ± 0.71 | M |
Values are presented as mean ± SD
RT resistance training, RTa resistance training group 1, RTb resistance training group 2, ET endurance training, ETa endurance training group 1, ETb endurance training group 2, ETc endurance training group 3, C control group, Ca control group 1, Cb control group 2, Cc control group 3
mMean value for all groups, including the control group