Table 3.
Secondary Outcomes and Related Components
| Components | Group R (n = 49) | Group L (n = 49) | Z/Mean Difference/OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevation of blood pressure at T2, no. (%) | 3 (6.12%) | 3 (6.12%) | 1.00 (0.19–5.22) | 1b |
| Elevation of blood pressure at T3, no. (%) | 2 (4.08%) | 1 (2.04%) | 2.04 (0.18–23.29) | 1b |
| Elevation of blood pressure at T4, no. (%) | 2 (4.08%) | 2 (4.08%) | 1.00 (0.14–7.40) | 1b |
| Elevation of heart rate at T2, no. (%) | 13 (26.53%) | 5 (10.20%) | 3.18 (1.04–9.75) | 0.066b |
| Elevation of heart rate at T3, no. (%) | 16 (32.65%) | 6 (12.25%) | 3.48 (1.23–9.85) | 0.028b |
| Elevation of heart rate at T4, no. (%) | 6 (12.25%) | 7 (14.29%) | 0.84 (0.26–2.70) | 1b |
| Time related to recovery | ||||
| Eye opening time (min), mean ± SD | 8.3 ± 4.22 | 7.7 ± 3.05 | 0.6 (-0.93–2.03) | 0.460c |
| Consciousness recovery time (min), median (25% – 75%) | 9.2 (6.07–11.79) | 8.1 (6.12–10.56) | -0.94 (0.35–0.37) | 0.346a |
| Spontaneous respiration recovery time (min), median (25% – 75%) | 12.3 (9.07–21.00) | 8.9 (7.54–11.25) | -3.72 (0.00–0.0005) | < 0.001a |
| Extubation time (min), median (25% – 75%) | 15.0 (11.00–22.00) | 11.0 (10.00–15.00) | -2.60 (0.007–0.011) | 0.009a |
| Duration of PACU stay (min), mean ± SD | 55.4 ± 15.71 | 46.4 ± 11.05 | 9 (3.55–14.45) | 0.001c |
| RASS score at T2 | ||||
| > 0 agitated range, no. (%) | 8 (16.33%) | 1 (2.04%) | 0.09 (0.01–0.79) | 0.012b |
| 0 alert and calm, no. (%) | 26 (53.06%) | 35 (71.43%) | 2.21 (0.96–5.10) | 0.095b |
| < 0 sedation range, no. (%) | 15 (30.61%) | 13 (26.53%) | 0.64 (0.26–1.58) | 0.367b |
| CPOT score at T2, median (25% – 75%) | 1.04 ± 1.74 | 0.33 ± 1.14 | 0.71(0.12–1.31) | 0.003a |
| Hypoxemia occurrence at T3, no. (%) | 28 (57.14%) | 7(14.29%) | 8 (3.00–21.32) | < 0.001b |
| Hypoxemia occurrence at T4, no. (%) | 6 (12.24%) | 1 (2.04%) | 0.15 (0.02–1.29) | 0.111b |
| Grade of sedation at T3 (Grade 2/Grade 3), no. (%) | 13(27%)/36(73%) | 13(27%)/36(73%) | 1 (0.41–2.45) | 1b |
| Postoperative pain at T4, no. (%) | 1 (2.04%) | 1 (2.04%) | 1 (0.61–16.45) | 1b |
| Residual sedation at T4, no. (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Nausea and vomiting at T4, no. (%) | 4 (8.16%) | 1 (2.04%) | 0.23 (0.03–2.18) | 0.362b |
| Pharyngalgia at T4, no. (%) | 15 (30.61%) | 7 (14.29%) | 0.38 (0.14–1.03) | 0.89b |
Abbreviations: PACU Post-anaesthesia care unit, RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale, CPOT Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool, CI Confidence interval, R TCI of remifentanil, L Topical lidocaine via the perforated outer cuff, CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio, SD Standard deviation, T0 One day before surgery, T2 1 min before tracheal extubation, T3 5 min after tracheal extubation, T4 20 min after tracheal extubation. Elevation of blood pressure, increase by 30% from the mean arterial pressure at T0; elevation of heart rate, increase by 30% from the heart rate at T0; hypoxemia, Spo2 less than 95%; grade of sedation: Grade 0: deeply sedated and unresponsive; Grade 1: sedated but responsive to light glabellar tap; Grade 2: sedated but responsive to normal voice; Grade 3: awake and responsive. Postoperative pain, more than 5 points on the visual analogue scale (VAS); residual sedation, less than Grade 2; nausea and vomiting, need for drugs; pharyngalgia, swallowing with more than 3 points on the VAS
a Mann–Whitney U test
b Fisher’s exact test
c t test