Table 2.
Natural materials as adsorbents
| Sl. No | Adsorbent | Maximum sorption apacity (mg/g) | Maximum removal (%) | Optimum pH | Dose (g/L) | Concentration (mg/L) | Temperature (°C) | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Natural goethite | 5.0 | 100.0 | 3.0–5.0 | 40.0 | 5.0–750.0 | 27.0 | Low-cost | Abdus Salam and Adekola (2005) |
| 2 | Natural clays honeycomb monoliths | 2.5 | > 90.0 | 4.5 | 0.6–200.0 | 10.0–200.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Ahrouch et al. (2019) |
| 3 | Peat moss | 48.2 | 96.0 | 5.5–6.0 | 0.04–0.2 | 10.0 | RT | Low-cost | Akinbiyi (2000) |
| 4 | Saudi Arabian Clay | 30.0 | – | 4.3 | 20.0 | 50.0–500.0 | 20.0 | Low-cost | Al-Jlil and Alsewailem (2009) |
| 5 | Dijah-Monkin bentonite clay | 8.7 | – | 5.1 | 1.0 | 10.0–50.0 | 25.0–65.0 | Low-cost | Alexander et al. (2018) |
| 6 | Acid activated bentonite clay | 92.9 | – | – | 20.0 | 100.0–5000.0 | RT | Low-cost | Budsaereechai et al. (2012) |
| 7 | Natural bentonite clay | 83.0 | – | – | 20.0 | 100.0–5000.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 8 | Talc surface | 8.0 | > 98.0 | 6.0 | 1.0–50.0 | 5.0–500.0 | 20.0–70.0 | Low-cost | Chandra et al. (2005) |
| 9 | Agbani clay | 0.8 | – | 6.0 | 100.0 | 20.0–100.0 | 45.0 | Low-cost | Dawodu et al. (2012) |
| 10 | Carbon nanoparticle impregnated on clay aggregate | 22.8 | 99.0 | 6.0 | 6.0–10.0 | 10.0–500.0 | 25.0–55.0 | Low-cost | Ghahremani et al. (2021) |
| 11 | Natural clay material | 35.2 | 68.0 | 6.0 | 50.0–150.0 | RT | Low-cost | Khalfa et al. (2021) | |
| 12 | Chitin natural | 264.0 | – | 4.0 | 10.0 | 100.0–300.0 | 15.0–35.0 | Low-cost | Kim et al. (2006) |
| 13 | Chitin, phosphorylated | 258.0 | – | 4.0 | 10.0 | 100.0–300.0 | 15.0–35.0 | – | |
| 14 | Iron-coated sand | – | 100.0 | 2.5–6.5 | 50.0 | 10.4–20.7 | 10.0–60.0 | – | Lai et al. (2000) |
| 15 | Sphagnum peat moss | 9.5 | 97.6 | 7.0 | 10.0–30.0 | 1.0–100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Lubbad and Al-Batta (2020) |
| 16 | Lignite | 61.4 | 91.7 | 5.0 | 0.4–4.0 | 15.0–175.0 | 20.0 | Low-cost | Mlayah et al. (2021) |
| 17 | Activated Aloji clay | 333.3 | 97.3 | 7.0 | 1.0–5.0 | 30.0–150.0 | 30.0–50.0 | Low-cost | Obayomi and Auta (2019) |
| 18 | Bentonite | 119.7 | 98.1 | 3.0–7.0 | 8.0 | 362.6–2693.6 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Pfeifer et al. (2020) |
| 19 | Zeolite | 137.0 | 99.5 | 7.0–8.5 | 8.0 | 362.6–2693.6 | 25.0 | Low-cost | |
| 20 | Barite | 32.0 | 90.0 | 7.0–9.0 | 5.0–40.0 | 50.0–1000.0 | RT | Low-cost | Rashed (2001) |
| 21 | Chalcopyrite | 99.0 | 100.0 | 7.0–9.0 | 5.0–40.0 | 50.0–1000.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 22 | Talc | 44.0 | 78.0 | 7.0–9.0 | 5.0–40.0 | 50.0–1000.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 23 | Sphagnum peat moss | 67.1 | 98.0 | 6.0 | 1.25–10 | 34.0–507.0 | RT | Low-cost | Ratoi et al. (2008) |
| 24 | Natural sand particles | 24.9 | 91.5 | 6.0 | 25.0 | 0.05–5.0 | RT | Low-cost | Shawket et al. (2011) |
| 25 | Seaweed, brown | 1.4 | 4.0 | 0.5–2.0 | 6.2–677.5 | 30.0 | Low-cost | Vieira et al. (2007) | |
| 26 | Shanghai silty clay | 26.5 | 100.0 | 6.0 | 4.0–40.0 | 10.0–300.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Wang and Zhang (2021) |
| 27 | Calcined bentonite clay | 94.0 | 90.9 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 5.0–200.0 | 20.0–60.0 | Low-cost | Zbair et al. (2019) |
| 28 | Seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum | 117.3 | – | 4.0 | 44.0 | 10.0 | RT | – | Zhang and Banks (2006) |
| 29 | Sphagnum moss immobilized | 32.5 | – | 4.0 | 44.0 | 10.0 | RT | – |
RT Room temperature