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. 2022 Jun 22;12(8):185. doi: 10.1007/s13201-022-01703-6

Table 4.

Agricultural waste as adsorbents

Sl. No Adsorbent Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g) Maximum removal (%) Optimum pH Dose (g/L) Concentration (mg/L) Temperature (°C) Remarks References
1 Maize cobs 99.0 6.5 5.0–40.0 25.0 25.0 Low-cost Abdel-Ghani et al. (2007)
2 Rice husks 99.0 6.5 5.0–40.0 25.0 25.0 Low-cost
3 Plant powder 80.0 6.0 2.0 4.0–120.0 RT Abdel-Halim et al. (2003)
4 Banana peels 66.7 100.0 5.5 0.1–1.0 10.0–100.0 RT Low-cost Afolabi et al. (2021)
5 Tea waste 73.0 96.0 5.0 0.5–40.0 5.0–100.0 30.0 Low-cost Ahluwalia and Goyal (2005)
6 Rice husk biochar 96.4 5.5 1.0–4.0 1950.0 RT Low-cost Amen et al. (2020)
7 Wheat straw biochar 95.4 5.5 1.0–4.0 1950.0 RT Low-cost
8 Corncob biochar 96.9 5.5 1.0–4.0 1950.0 RT Low-cost
9 Peels of banana 2.2 85.3 5.0 10.0–90.0 30.0–80.0 25.0 Low-cost Anwar et al. (2010)
10 Polythiophene-coated rice husk ash nanocomposite 34.5 98.1 4.0 5.0–20.0 50.0–400.0 25.0–65.0 Arabahmadi and Ghorbani (2017)
11 Carboxylated jute stick-derived activated carbon 2079.0 99.8 4.0–7.0 1.0 5.0–500.0 15.0–27.0 Low-cost Aziz et al. (2019) and Chowdhury et al. (2020)
12 Lentil husk 81.4 98.0 5.0 2.0 20.0–250.0 20.0–35.0 Low-cost Basu et al. (2015)
13 Coffee residue activated with zinc chloride 63.3 75.0 5.8 1.0 10.0–90.0 25.0 Boudrahem et al. (2011)
14 Wheat bran 87.0 4.0–7.0 5.0–60.0 50.0–1000.0 20.0–60.0 Bulut and Baysal (2006)
15 Walnut shell 9.9 92.3 4.0 1.0–50.0 100.0 25.0 Low-cost Çelebi and Gök (2017)
16 Peanut Hull-g-Methyl Methacrylate 370.4 99.3 5.7 2.0–12.0 5.0–100.0 20.0–50.0 Chaduka et al. (2020)
17 Modified peanut shells 130.5 4.6–5.0 4144.0 RT Chamarthy et al. (2001)
18 Chemically modified moso bamboo 181.8 85.0 5.0 0.5–4.0 200.0 25.0–45.0 Chen et al. (2020)
19 Arca shell 18.3 98.6 4.0 0.1–15.0 10.0–500.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Dahiya et al. (2008)
20 Olive cake 19.5 92.3 6.0 20.0 50.0–1000.0 20.0–35.0 Doyurum and Celik (2006)
21 Pomegranate peel 13.9 65.0 5.6 0.25 10.0–50.0 26.0 ± 1.0 Low-cost El-Ashtoukhy et al. (2008)
22 Pomegranate peel activated carbon 14.0 80.0 5.6–7.6 2.5 10.0–50.0 26.0 ± 1.0 Low-cost
23 Pomegranate peel chemically treated 18.0 90.0 5.6–7.6 2.5 10.0–50.0 26.0 ± 1.0
24 Peanut hull hydrochar activated by H3PO4 162.1 10.0–700.0 RT Cost-effective Fang et al. (2017)
25 Peanut hull hydrochar activated by KOH 158.0 10.0–700.0 RT Cost-effective
26 Ash of rice husk 12.6 5.6–5.8 2.0 40.0 15.0–30.0 Low-cost Feng et al. (2004)
27 Olivestone waste 9.3 80.0 ± 2.0 5.5 13.3 41.4–3108.0 20.0 Low-cost Fiol et al. (2006)
28 Chitosan/rice husk ash/nano-γ alumina 181.8 91.0 5.0 250.0–550.0 10.0–40.0 Fooladgar et al. (2019)
29 Soya bean 0.7 80.0 4.0 10.0–40.0 1240.0 28.0–40.0 Low-cost Gaur et al. (2018)
30 Tea waste 92.8 ± 1.4 7.0 100.0 28.0–42.0 Low-cost Ghaffar (2008)
31 Coconut shell granular activated carbon 21.9 5.0 2.0 5.0–70.0 37.0 ± 2.0 Goel et al. (2005)
32 Seed hull of the palm tree 3.8 4.0 120.0 100.0–500.0 30–60.0 Gueu et al. (2007)
33 Coconut 4.4 4.0 120.0 100.0–500.0 30–60.0
34 Peanut hulls 69.8 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost Gupta et al. (2009)
35 Discarded tea leaves 35.9 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost
36 Peels of banana 72.8 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost
37 Rice husk 31.1 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost
38 Rice stem 49.6 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost
39 Coir fibers 52.0 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0
40 Okra waste 5.7 99.0 5.0 10.0–40.0 25.0–100.0 25.0 Low-cost Hashem (2007)
41 Palm kernel fiber 47.6 99.2 5.0 1.5–5.0 120.0 36.0 ± 4.0 Ho and Ofomaja (2006)
42 Hazelnut husks 13.1 97.2 5.7 2.0–20.0 5.0–200.0 18.0 Low-cost Imamoglu and Tekir (2008)
43 Palm shell 95.2 5.0 5.0 10.0–700.0 27.0 Issabayeva et al. (2008)
45 Palm kernel husk 88.0 5.0 20.0–100.0 5.0–15.0 RT Iyagba and Opete (2009)
46 Palm kernel shell 81.0 5.0 20.0–100.0 5.0–15.0 RT
47 Groundnut shell 98.0 3.0 2.4–8.8 5.0–105.0 25.0 Low-cost Janyasuthiwong et al. (2015)
48 Orange peel 99.0 5.0 2.4–8.8 5.0–105.0 25.0 Low-cost
49 Rice husk 85.0 3.0 2.4–8.8 5.0–105.0 25.0 Low-cost
50 Sunflower wood waste fly ash 138.4 99.8 2.0–5.0 20.0–100.0 23.0 Low-cost Kalak et al. (2021)
51 Rice husk nanocomposite 1665.0 96.8 5.2 0.1–2 15.0–150.0 RT Low-cost Kamari et al. (2019)
52 Sugarcane bagasse chemically modified 189.0 5.0–6.0 1.0 200.0–400.0 RT Karnitz et al. (2007)
53 Walnut shell 96.2 6.0–10.0 30.0 RT Low-cost Kazemipour et al. (2008)
54 Almond 99.8 6.0–10.0 30.0 RT
55 Apricot stone 89.6 6.0–10.0 30.0 RT
56 Hazelnut shell 96.9 6.0–10.0 30.0 RT Low-cost
57 Pistachio shell 83.0 6.0–10.0 30.0 RT Low-cost
58 Activated bamboo charcoal 53.8 83.0 5.0 1.0–5.0 50.0–90.0 29.0 Low-cost Lalhruaitluanga et al. (2010)
59 Raw bamboo charcoals 10.7 13.6 5.0 1.0–5.0 50.0–90.0 29.0 Low-cost
60 Orange peel xanthate 204.5 5.0 5.0 10.0–100.0 30.0 Liang et al. (2009)
61 Orange peel formaldehyde-treated 46.6 99.0 5.0 10.0 30.0–250.0 RT Lugo-Lugo et al. (2009)
62 EDTA functionalized bamboo activated carbon 123.5 5.0–6.0 0.8 25.0–250.0 20.0–60.0 Lv et al. (2018)
63 Bamboo activated carbon 45.5 5.0–6.0 0.8 25.0–250.0 20.0–60.0
64 Functionalized graphene from rice husk 748.5 99.8 7.0 10.0–50.0 20.7 18.0–80.0 Low-cost Mahmoud et al. (2020)
65 Coffee endocarp waste 174.4 57.7 1.0 300.0 RT Low-cost Mariana et al. (2021)
66 Coffee endocarp waste treated with HCl 193.0 63.9 1.0 300.0 RT
67 Coffee endocarp waste treated with NaOH 272.6 89.9 1.0 300.0 RT
68 Grape stalk 49.7 5.5 6.7 198.9 20.0 Martinez et al. (2006)
69 Treated rice husk 93.5 95.0 7.0 5.0 100.0–800.0 20.0–50.0 Low-cost Masoumi et al. (2016)
70 Mustard husk 30.5 100.0 6.0 6.0–12.0 1.0–5.0 20.0–60.0 Low-cost Meena et al. (2008)
71 Cocoa shells 33.4 95.0 2.0 15.0 100.0 22.0 Meunier et al. (2003)
72 Corn stover biochar 25.0 98.0 6.0 2.5 5.0–250.0 RT Low-cost
73 Orange peel biochar 11.1 96.0 6.0 2.5 5.0–250.0 RT Low-cost
74 Pistachio biochar 2.5 35.0 5.0 2.5 5.0–250.0 RT Low-cost
75 Ash of rice husk 91.7 99.3 5.0 5.0 3.0–100.0 30.0 Low-cost Naiya et al. (2009)
76 Chemically modified rose petals 118.4 90.0 5.0 1.0 10.0–640.0 30.0 Nasir et al. (2007)
77 Rice husk ash 26.1 80.0 3.0 10.0–130.0 30.0–40.0 Low-cost Nnaji et al. (2017)
78 Capsicum annuum seeds 38.7 90.0 5.0 0.4–6.0 100.0 20.0–40.0 Özcan et al. (2007)
79 Acid-treated wheat bran 79.4 82.8 6.0 2.0 50.0–500.0 25.0–60.0 Ozer (2007)
80 Ponkan peel 112.1 5.0 8.0 0.5–1000.0 25.0 Pavan et al. (2008)
81 Almond 8.1 68.0 6.0–7.0 6.3–25.0 20.7–207.2 25.0 ± 1.0 Pehlivan et al. (2009)
82 Shells of hazelnut 28.2 90.0 6.0–7.0 6.3–25.0 20.7–207.2 25.0 ± 1.0 Low-cost
83 Ceiba pentandra hulls 25.5 99.5 6.0 1.0–4.0 40.0–200.0 30.0 ± 1.0 Rao et al. (2008)
84 Apricot stone 1.3 95.3 7.0 10.0–40.0 5.0–500.0 RT Rashed (2006)
85 Peach stone 2.3 97.6 7.0 10.0–40.0 5.0–500.0 RT
86 Nitric acid activated Caryota urens seeds carbon 42.9 89.0 7.0 0.5–5.0 50.0–250.0 30.0–60.0 Ravulapalli and Kunta (2018)
87 Onion skins 200.0 93.5 6.0 0.75 25.0–200.0 30.0 Low-cost Saka et al. (2011)
88 Citrus peels original and protonated 658.9 90.0 5.0 1.0 20.0–400.0 21.0–25.0 Schiewer and Balaria (2009)
89 Coconut shell activated carbon 26.5 92.5 4.5 0.2–2.0 10.0–50.0 35.0–45.0 Sekar et al. (2004)
90 Pretreated bamboo biochar 181.2 3.0–4.5 0.8 50.0–400.0 30.0 Shen et al. (2021)
91 Rice husk biochar 26.7 84.5 6.0 5.0 20.7–621.6 RT Shi et al. (2019)
92 Coir 26.3 87.0 4.9 20.0 116.0–651.4 30.0 Shukla and Roshan (2005)
93 Shells of groundnut 22.0 82.8 4.9 20.0 116.0–651.4 30.0 Low-cost
94 Jute 18.6 73.4 4.9 20.0 116.0–651.4 30.0 Low-cost
95 Maize bran 142.9 96.8 6.5 20.0 100.0–150.0 20.0–40.0 Singh et al. (2006)
96 Magnetic rice husk biochar 148.0 95.0 2.5–5.8 2.5 10.0–500.0 25.0 Sun et al. (2019)
97 Corncobs chemically modified 43.4 5.0 4.0 20.7–414.4 25.0 Tan et al. (2010)
98 Corncobs native 16.6 5.0 4.0 20.7–414.4 25.0
99 Horticultural peat 36.5 96.0 4.5–7.0 10.0 100.0–600.0 25 Ulmanu et al. (2008)
100 Pecan nutshell 196.1 5.5 1.0–15.0 10–1000.0 25.0 Vaghetti et al. (2009)
101 Magnetic rice husk biochar 129.0 91.7 7.0 0.02–1 1.00–80.0 25.0 Cost-effective Wang et al. (2018)
102 Antep pistachio 27.1 95.1 3.5 2.5–20.0 5.0–100.0 30.0–60.0 Yetilmezsoy and Demirel (2008)
103 Palm shell polyethyleneimine-impregnated 53.5 5.0 5.0 20.0–750.0 25.0 Yin et al. (2008)
104 Sun flower waste 33.2 4.0 10.0 RT Low-cost Zhang and Banks (2006)
105 Plant maize 2.3 4.0 10.0 RT
106 Dehydrated banana peels biochar 359.0  > 90.0 7.0 0.25–5.0 5.0–1000.0 RT Low-cost Zhou et al. (2017)
107 Fresh banana peels biochar 193.0  > 90.0 7.0 0.25–5.0 5.0–1000.0 RT Low-cost
108 Rice husk 5.7 5.0 2.0–20.0 10.0–200.0 30.0–60.0 Low-cost Zulkali et al. (2006)

RT Room temperature