Table 4.
Agricultural waste as adsorbents
| Sl. No | Adsorbent | Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g) | Maximum removal (%) | Optimum pH | Dose (g/L) | Concentration (mg/L) | Temperature (°C) | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maize cobs | – | 99.0 | 6.5 | 5.0–40.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Abdel-Ghani et al. (2007) |
| 2 | Rice husks | – | 99.0 | 6.5 | 5.0–40.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | |
| 3 | Plant powder | – | 80.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 4.0–120.0 | RT | – | Abdel-Halim et al. (2003) |
| 4 | Banana peels | 66.7 | 100.0 | 5.5 | 0.1–1.0 | 10.0–100.0 | RT | Low-cost | Afolabi et al. (2021) |
| 5 | Tea waste | 73.0 | 96.0 | 5.0 | 0.5–40.0 | 5.0–100.0 | 30.0 | Low-cost | Ahluwalia and Goyal (2005) |
| 6 | Rice husk biochar | – | 96.4 | 5.5 | 1.0–4.0 | 1950.0 | RT | Low-cost | Amen et al. (2020) |
| 7 | Wheat straw biochar | – | 95.4 | 5.5 | 1.0–4.0 | 1950.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 8 | Corncob biochar | – | 96.9 | 5.5 | 1.0–4.0 | 1950.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 9 | Peels of banana | 2.2 | 85.3 | 5.0 | 10.0–90.0 | 30.0–80.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Anwar et al. (2010) |
| 10 | Polythiophene-coated rice husk ash nanocomposite | 34.5 | 98.1 | 4.0 | 5.0–20.0 | 50.0–400.0 | 25.0–65.0 | – | Arabahmadi and Ghorbani (2017) |
| 11 | Carboxylated jute stick-derived activated carbon | 2079.0 | 99.8 | 4.0–7.0 | 1.0 | 5.0–500.0 | 15.0–27.0 | Low-cost | Aziz et al. (2019) and Chowdhury et al. (2020) |
| 12 | Lentil husk | 81.4 | 98.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 20.0–250.0 | 20.0–35.0 | Low-cost | Basu et al. (2015) |
| 13 | Coffee residue activated with zinc chloride | 63.3 | 75.0 | 5.8 | 1.0 | 10.0–90.0 | 25.0 | – | Boudrahem et al. (2011) |
| 14 | Wheat bran | 87.0 | – | 4.0–7.0 | 5.0–60.0 | 50.0–1000.0 | 20.0–60.0 | – | Bulut and Baysal (2006) |
| 15 | Walnut shell | 9.9 | 92.3 | 4.0 | 1.0–50.0 | 100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Çelebi and Gök (2017) |
| 16 | Peanut Hull-g-Methyl Methacrylate | 370.4 | 99.3 | 5.7 | 2.0–12.0 | 5.0–100.0 | 20.0–50.0 | – | Chaduka et al. (2020) |
| 17 | Modified peanut shells | 130.5 | – | 4.6–5.0 | – | 4144.0 | RT | – | Chamarthy et al. (2001) |
| 18 | Chemically modified moso bamboo | 181.8 | 85.0 | 5.0 | 0.5–4.0 | 200.0 | 25.0–45.0 | – | Chen et al. (2020) |
| 19 | Arca shell | 18.3 | 98.6 | 4.0 | 0.1–15.0 | 10.0–500.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | – | Dahiya et al. (2008) |
| 20 | Olive cake | 19.5 | 92.3 | 6.0 | 20.0 | 50.0–1000.0 | 20.0–35.0 | – | Doyurum and Celik (2006) |
| 21 | Pomegranate peel | 13.9 | 65.0 | 5.6 | 0.25 | 10.0–50.0 | 26.0 ± 1.0 | Low-cost | El-Ashtoukhy et al. (2008) |
| 22 | Pomegranate peel activated carbon | 14.0 | 80.0 | 5.6–7.6 | 2.5 | 10.0–50.0 | 26.0 ± 1.0 | Low-cost | |
| 23 | Pomegranate peel chemically treated | 18.0 | 90.0 | 5.6–7.6 | 2.5 | 10.0–50.0 | 26.0 ± 1.0 | – | |
| 24 | Peanut hull hydrochar activated by H3PO4 | 162.1 | – | – | – | 10.0–700.0 | RT | Cost-effective | Fang et al. (2017) |
| 25 | Peanut hull hydrochar activated by KOH | 158.0 | – | – | – | 10.0–700.0 | RT | Cost-effective | |
| 26 | Ash of rice husk | 12.6 | – | 5.6–5.8 | 2.0 | 40.0 | 15.0–30.0 | Low-cost | Feng et al. (2004) |
| 27 | Olivestone waste | 9.3 | 80.0 ± 2.0 | 5.5 | 13.3 | 41.4–3108.0 | 20.0 | Low-cost | Fiol et al. (2006) |
| 28 | Chitosan/rice husk ash/nano-γ alumina | 181.8 | 91.0 | 5.0 | – | 250.0–550.0 | 10.0–40.0 | – | Fooladgar et al. (2019) |
| 29 | Soya bean | 0.7 | 80.0 | 4.0 | 10.0–40.0 | 1240.0 | 28.0–40.0 | Low-cost | Gaur et al. (2018) |
| 30 | Tea waste | – | 92.8 ± 1.4 | 7.0 | – | 100.0 | 28.0–42.0 | Low-cost | Ghaffar (2008) |
| 31 | Coconut shell granular activated carbon | 21.9 | – | 5.0 | 2.0 | 5.0–70.0 | 37.0 ± 2.0 | – | Goel et al. (2005) |
| 32 | Seed hull of the palm tree | 3.8 | – | 4.0 | 120.0 | 100.0–500.0 | 30–60.0 | – | Gueu et al. (2007) |
| 33 | Coconut | 4.4 | – | 4.0 | 120.0 | 100.0–500.0 | 30–60.0 | – | |
| 34 | Peanut hulls | 69.8 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | Gupta et al. (2009) |
| 35 | Discarded tea leaves | 35.9 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | |
| 36 | Peels of banana | 72.8 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | |
| 37 | Rice husk | 31.1 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | |
| 38 | Rice stem | 49.6 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | |
| 39 | Coir fibers | 52.0 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | – | |
| 40 | Okra waste | 5.7 | 99.0 | 5.0 | 10.0–40.0 | 25.0–100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Hashem (2007) |
| 41 | Palm kernel fiber | 47.6 | 99.2 | 5.0 | 1.5–5.0 | 120.0 | 36.0 ± 4.0 | – | Ho and Ofomaja (2006) |
| 42 | Hazelnut husks | 13.1 | 97.2 | 5.7 | 2.0–20.0 | 5.0–200.0 | 18.0 | Low-cost | Imamoglu and Tekir (2008) |
| 43 | Palm shell | 95.2 | – | 5.0 | 5.0 | 10.0–700.0 | 27.0 | – | Issabayeva et al. (2008) |
| 45 | Palm kernel husk | – | 88.0 | 5.0 | 20.0–100.0 | 5.0–15.0 | RT | – | Iyagba and Opete (2009) |
| 46 | Palm kernel shell | – | 81.0 | 5.0 | 20.0–100.0 | 5.0–15.0 | RT | – | |
| 47 | Groundnut shell | – | 98.0 | 3.0 | 2.4–8.8 | 5.0–105.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Janyasuthiwong et al. (2015) |
| 48 | Orange peel | – | 99.0 | 5.0 | 2.4–8.8 | 5.0–105.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | |
| 49 | Rice husk | – | 85.0 | 3.0 | 2.4–8.8 | 5.0–105.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | |
| 50 | Sunflower wood waste fly ash | 138.4 | 99.8 | – | 2.0–5.0 | 20.0–100.0 | 23.0 | Low-cost | Kalak et al. (2021) |
| 51 | Rice husk nanocomposite | 1665.0 | 96.8 | 5.2 | 0.1–2 | 15.0–150.0 | RT | Low-cost | Kamari et al. (2019) |
| 52 | Sugarcane bagasse chemically modified | 189.0 | – | 5.0–6.0 | 1.0 | 200.0–400.0 | RT | – | Karnitz et al. (2007) |
| 53 | Walnut shell | – | 96.2 | 6.0–10.0 | – | 30.0 | RT | Low-cost | Kazemipour et al. (2008) |
| 54 | Almond | – | 99.8 | 6.0–10.0 | – | 30.0 | RT | – | |
| 55 | Apricot stone | – | 89.6 | 6.0–10.0 | – | 30.0 | RT | – | |
| 56 | Hazelnut shell | – | 96.9 | 6.0–10.0 | – | 30.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 57 | Pistachio shell | – | 83.0 | 6.0–10.0 | – | 30.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 58 | Activated bamboo charcoal | 53.8 | 83.0 | 5.0 | 1.0–5.0 | 50.0–90.0 | 29.0 | Low-cost | Lalhruaitluanga et al. (2010) |
| 59 | Raw bamboo charcoals | 10.7 | 13.6 | 5.0 | 1.0–5.0 | 50.0–90.0 | 29.0 | Low-cost | |
| 60 | Orange peel xanthate | 204.5 | – | 5.0 | 5.0 | 10.0–100.0 | 30.0 | – | Liang et al. (2009) |
| 61 | Orange peel formaldehyde-treated | 46.6 | 99.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 30.0–250.0 | RT | – | Lugo-Lugo et al. (2009) |
| 62 | EDTA functionalized bamboo activated carbon | 123.5 | – | 5.0–6.0 | 0.8 | 25.0–250.0 | 20.0–60.0 | – | Lv et al. (2018) |
| 63 | Bamboo activated carbon | 45.5 | – | 5.0–6.0 | 0.8 | 25.0–250.0 | 20.0–60.0 | – | |
| 64 | Functionalized graphene from rice husk | 748.5 | 99.8 | 7.0 | 10.0–50.0 | 20.7 | 18.0–80.0 | Low-cost | Mahmoud et al. (2020) |
| 65 | Coffee endocarp waste | 174.4 | 57.7 | – | 1.0 | 300.0 | RT | Low-cost | Mariana et al. (2021) |
| 66 | Coffee endocarp waste treated with HCl | 193.0 | 63.9 | – | 1.0 | 300.0 | RT | – | |
| 67 | Coffee endocarp waste treated with NaOH | 272.6 | 89.9 | – | 1.0 | 300.0 | RT | – | |
| 68 | Grape stalk | 49.7 | – | 5.5 | 6.7 | 198.9 | 20.0 | – | Martinez et al. (2006) |
| 69 | Treated rice husk | 93.5 | 95.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 100.0–800.0 | 20.0–50.0 | Low-cost | Masoumi et al. (2016) |
| 70 | Mustard husk | 30.5 | 100.0 | 6.0 | 6.0–12.0 | 1.0–5.0 | 20.0–60.0 | Low-cost | Meena et al. (2008) |
| 71 | Cocoa shells | 33.4 | 95.0 | 2.0 | 15.0 | 100.0 | 22.0 | – | Meunier et al. (2003) |
| 72 | Corn stover biochar | 25.0 | 98.0 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 5.0–250.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 73 | Orange peel biochar | 11.1 | 96.0 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 5.0–250.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 74 | Pistachio biochar | 2.5 | 35.0 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 5.0–250.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 75 | Ash of rice husk | 91.7 | 99.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 3.0–100.0 | 30.0 | Low-cost | Naiya et al. (2009) |
| 76 | Chemically modified rose petals | 118.4 | 90.0 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 10.0–640.0 | 30.0 | – | Nasir et al. (2007) |
| 77 | Rice husk ash | 26.1 | 80.0 | 3.0 | – | 10.0–130.0 | 30.0–40.0 | Low-cost | Nnaji et al. (2017) |
| 78 | Capsicum annuum seeds | 38.7 | 90.0 | 5.0 | 0.4–6.0 | 100.0 | 20.0–40.0 | – | Özcan et al. (2007) |
| 79 | Acid-treated wheat bran | 79.4 | 82.8 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 50.0–500.0 | 25.0–60.0 | – | Ozer (2007) |
| 80 | Ponkan peel | 112.1 | – | 5.0 | 8.0 | 0.5–1000.0 | 25.0 | – | Pavan et al. (2008) |
| 81 | Almond | 8.1 | 68.0 | 6.0–7.0 | 6.3–25.0 | 20.7–207.2 | 25.0 ± 1.0 | – | Pehlivan et al. (2009) |
| 82 | Shells of hazelnut | 28.2 | 90.0 | 6.0–7.0 | 6.3–25.0 | 20.7–207.2 | 25.0 ± 1.0 | Low-cost | |
| 83 | Ceiba pentandra hulls | 25.5 | 99.5 | 6.0 | 1.0–4.0 | 40.0–200.0 | 30.0 ± 1.0 | – | Rao et al. (2008) |
| 84 | Apricot stone | 1.3 | 95.3 | 7.0 | 10.0–40.0 | 5.0–500.0 | RT | – | Rashed (2006) |
| 85 | Peach stone | 2.3 | 97.6 | 7.0 | 10.0–40.0 | 5.0–500.0 | RT | – | |
| 86 | Nitric acid activated Caryota urens seeds carbon | 42.9 | 89.0 | 7.0 | 0.5–5.0 | 50.0–250.0 | 30.0–60.0 | – | Ravulapalli and Kunta (2018) |
| 87 | Onion skins | 200.0 | 93.5 | 6.0 | 0.75 | 25.0–200.0 | 30.0 | Low-cost | Saka et al. (2011) |
| 88 | Citrus peels original and protonated | 658.9 | 90.0 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 20.0–400.0 | 21.0–25.0 | – | Schiewer and Balaria (2009) |
| 89 | Coconut shell activated carbon | 26.5 | 92.5 | 4.5 | 0.2–2.0 | 10.0–50.0 | 35.0–45.0 | – | Sekar et al. (2004) |
| 90 | Pretreated bamboo biochar | 181.2 | – | 3.0–4.5 | 0.8 | 50.0–400.0 | 30.0 | – | Shen et al. (2021) |
| 91 | Rice husk biochar | 26.7 | 84.5 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 20.7–621.6 | RT | – | Shi et al. (2019) |
| 92 | Coir | 26.3 | 87.0 | 4.9 | 20.0 | 116.0–651.4 | 30.0 | – | Shukla and Roshan (2005) |
| 93 | Shells of groundnut | 22.0 | 82.8 | 4.9 | 20.0 | 116.0–651.4 | 30.0 | Low-cost | |
| 94 | Jute | 18.6 | 73.4 | 4.9 | 20.0 | 116.0–651.4 | 30.0 | Low-cost | |
| 95 | Maize bran | 142.9 | 96.8 | 6.5 | 20.0 | 100.0–150.0 | 20.0–40.0 | – | Singh et al. (2006) |
| 96 | Magnetic rice husk biochar | 148.0 | 95.0 | 2.5–5.8 | 2.5 | 10.0–500.0 | 25.0 | – | Sun et al. (2019) |
| 97 | Corncobs chemically modified | 43.4 | – | 5.0 | 4.0 | 20.7–414.4 | 25.0 | – | Tan et al. (2010) |
| 98 | Corncobs native | 16.6 | – | 5.0 | 4.0 | 20.7–414.4 | 25.0 | – | |
| 99 | Horticultural peat | 36.5 | 96.0 | 4.5–7.0 | 10.0 | 100.0–600.0 | 25 | – | Ulmanu et al. (2008) |
| 100 | Pecan nutshell | 196.1 | – | 5.5 | 1.0–15.0 | 10–1000.0 | 25.0 | – | Vaghetti et al. (2009) |
| 101 | Magnetic rice husk biochar | 129.0 | 91.7 | 7.0 | 0.02–1 | 1.00–80.0 | 25.0 | Cost-effective | Wang et al. (2018) |
| 102 | Antep pistachio | 27.1 | 95.1 | 3.5 | 2.5–20.0 | 5.0–100.0 | 30.0–60.0 | – | Yetilmezsoy and Demirel (2008) |
| 103 | Palm shell polyethyleneimine-impregnated | 53.5 | – | 5.0 | 5.0 | 20.0–750.0 | 25.0 | – | Yin et al. (2008) |
| 104 | Sun flower waste | 33.2 | – | 4.0 | – | 10.0 | RT | Low-cost | Zhang and Banks (2006) |
| 105 | Plant maize | 2.3 | – | 4.0 | – | 10.0 | RT | – | |
| 106 | Dehydrated banana peels biochar | 359.0 | > 90.0 | 7.0 | 0.25–5.0 | 5.0–1000.0 | RT | Low-cost | Zhou et al. (2017) |
| 107 | Fresh banana peels biochar | 193.0 | > 90.0 | 7.0 | 0.25–5.0 | 5.0–1000.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 108 | Rice husk | 5.7 | – | 5.0 | 2.0–20.0 | 10.0–200.0 | 30.0–60.0 | Low-cost | Zulkali et al. (2006) |
RT Room temperature