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. 2022 Jun 22;12(8):185. doi: 10.1007/s13201-022-01703-6

Table 5.

Forest waste as adsorbents

Sl. No Adsorbent Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g) Maximum removal (%) Optimum pH Dose (g/L) Concentration (mg/L) Temperature (°C) Remarks References
1 Nile rose plant 98.7 8.5 5.0–40.0 5.0–50.0 25.0 Abdel-Ghani and El-Chaghaby (2007)
2 Leaves, Casuarina glauca tree 97.4 6.5 20.0 5.0–50.0 25.0 Low-cost Abdel-Ghani et al. (2008)
3 Citrus limetta leaves 69.8 99.5 6.0 0.25–1.5 5.0–100.0 25.0 Aboli et al. (2020)
4 Streblus asper leaves 3.1 71.9 8.0 20 100.0 25.0 Adebayo et al. (2012)
5 Pinus nigra tree bark 49.0 90.0 8.0 2.5 35.0 RT Low-cost Argun and Dursun (2007)
6 Carpobrotus edulis 175.6 98.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 Low-cost Benhima et al. (2008)
7 Euphorbia echinus 165.1 6.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 Low-cost
8 Launaea arborescens 129.9 6.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 Low-cost
9 Senecio anteuphorbium 149.6 98.0 6.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 Low-cost
10 Leaf powder Azadirachta indica (neem) 300.0 93.0 7.0 0.2–1.2 50.0–150.0 27.0 Low-cost Bhattacharyya and Sharma (2004)
11 Leaves bael 104.0 85.0 5.1 0.2–10.0 48.2–180.2 30.0–50.0 Chakravarty et al. (2010)
12 Azadirachta indica (neem leaves) 39.7 93.5 7.0 1.0–20.0 50.0–300.0 25.0–45.0 Low-cost Elkhaleefa et al. (2021)
13 Viscum album leaves 769.2 92.2 3.0 0.1–0.8 100–500.0 25.0–55.0 Low-cost Erenturk and Malkoc (2007)
14 Hickory hydrochar activated by KOH 135.7 10.0–700.0 RT Cost-effective Fang et al. (2017)
15 Peepul tree leaves 127.3 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost Gupta et al. (2009)
16 Mango tree leaves 31.5 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost
17 Grass clippings 29.1 5.0 0.1–10.0 15.0–200.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost
18 Cereal chaff 12.5 5.5 8.0 8.0–96.0 20.0 Han et al. (2005)
19 Leaf powder Hevea brasiliensis 46.7 5.0 1.0–20.0 10.0–200.0 30.0 Low-cost Hanafiah et al. (2006)
20 Tree fern 38.1 4.9 4.0 200.0 20.0 Low-cost Ho (2005)
21 Ficus benghalensis 12.3 52.2 5.5 20.0–100.0 RT Low-cost Hymavathi and Prabhakar (2019)
22 Mango peel waste 99.1 5.0 2.5 10.0–600.0 25.0 ± 2.0 Low-cost Iqbal et al. (2009)
23 Bamboo dust 2.2 70.1 7.2 10.0–28.0 600.0 30.0 ± 1.0 Kannan and Veemaraj (2009)
24 C. demersum 44.8 5.0–6.0 2.0 2.0–64.0 25.0 Keskinkan et al. (2007)
25 M. spicatum 46.5 5.0–6.0 2.0 2.0–64.0 25.0
26 Schleichera oleosa bark 69.4 97.0 6.0 10.0 10.0–100.0 30.0–50.0 Low-cost Khatoon et al. (2018)
27 Tamarix leaves activated carbon 42.2 97.9 6.0 0.25–3.0 10.0–100.0 25.0–55.0 Low-cost Koohzad et al. (2019)
28 Bael tree leaf 4.1 90.1 5.0 5.0–30.0 25.0–100.0 30.0 Low-cost Kumar and Gayathri (2009)
29 Lawny grass modified 321.2 100.0 5.0–5.8 1.7 103.6–414.4 5.0–55.0 Low-cost Lu et al. (2009)
30 Curry leaf powder 60.9 92.0 6.5 1.0–4.0 50.0–200.0 25.0 Low-cost Mukherjee et al. (2020)
31 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bark 184.4 5.0 4.0 20.7–2072.0 25.0–60.0 Low-cost Patnukao et al. (2008)
32 Leaves Ficus religiosa 37.5 4.0 0.5 100.0 20.0–40.0 Low-cost Qaiser et al. (2009)
33 Ziziphus jojoba 80.0 6.0 1.0–30.0 20.0–700.0 20.0–50.0 Feasible Salman et al. (2019)
34 Eriobotrya Japonica leaves 73.1 6.0 1.0–30.0 20.0–700.0 20.0–50.0 Feasible
35 Ulva lactuca 34.7 5.0 2.0–40.0 10.0–400.0 20.0–50.0 Sari and Tuzen (2008)
36 Prosopis cineraria leaf ash 0.4 100.0 6.0 1.0–3.0 30.0–120.0 25.0 Shahmaleki et al. (2020)
37 Cephalosporium aphidicola 92.3 62.5 1.0–6.0 0.4–3.0 100.0.–400.0 20.0–40.0 Tunali et al. (2006)
38 Tobacco leaves 238.6 2.0 0.5–3.0 5.0–50.0 30.0–70.0 Low-cost Yogeshwaran and Priya (2021)
39 Natural condensed tannin 114.9 91.0 4.2 1.0 100.0–1000.0 20.0 Zhan and Zhao (2003)

RT Room temperature