Table 5.
Forest waste as adsorbents
| Sl. No | Adsorbent | Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g) | Maximum removal (%) | Optimum pH | Dose (g/L) | Concentration (mg/L) | Temperature (°C) | Remarks | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nile rose plant | – | 98.7 | 8.5 | 5.0–40.0 | 5.0–50.0 | 25.0 | – | Abdel-Ghani and El-Chaghaby (2007) | |
| 2 | Leaves, Casuarina glauca tree | – | 97.4 | 6.5 | 20.0 | 5.0–50.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Abdel-Ghani et al. (2008) | |
| 3 | Citrus limetta leaves | 69.8 | 99.5 | 6.0 | 0.25–1.5 | 5.0–100.0 | 25.0 | – | Aboli et al. (2020) | |
| 4 | Streblus asper leaves | 3.1 | 71.9 | 8.0 | 20 | 100.0 | 25.0 | – | Adebayo et al. (2012) | |
| 5 | Pinus nigra tree bark | 49.0 | 90.0 | 8.0 | 2.5 | 35.0 | RT | Low-cost | Argun and Dursun (2007) | |
| 6 | Carpobrotus edulis | 175.6 | 98.0 | 6.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Benhima et al. (2008) | |
| 7 | Euphorbia echinus | 165.1 | – | 6.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | ||
| 8 | Launaea arborescens | 129.9 | – | 6.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | ||
| 9 | Senecio anteuphorbium | 149.6 | 98.0 | 6.0 | 25.0 | 100.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | ||
| 10 | Leaf powder Azadirachta indica (neem) | 300.0 | 93.0 | 7.0 | 0.2–1.2 | 50.0–150.0 | 27.0 | Low-cost | Bhattacharyya and Sharma (2004) | |
| 11 | Leaves bael | 104.0 | 85.0 | 5.1 | 0.2–10.0 | 48.2–180.2 | 30.0–50.0 | – | Chakravarty et al. (2010) | |
| 12 | Azadirachta indica (neem leaves) | 39.7 | 93.5 | 7.0 | 1.0–20.0 | 50.0–300.0 | 25.0–45.0 | Low-cost | Elkhaleefa et al. (2021) | |
| 13 | Viscum album leaves | 769.2 | 92.2 | 3.0 | 0.1–0.8 | 100–500.0 | 25.0–55.0 | Low-cost | Erenturk and Malkoc (2007) | |
| 14 | Hickory hydrochar activated by KOH | 135.7 | – | – | – | 10.0–700.0 | RT | Cost-effective | Fang et al. (2017) | |
| 15 | Peepul tree leaves | 127.3 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | Gupta et al. (2009) | |
| 16 | Mango tree leaves | 31.5 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | ||
| 17 | Grass clippings | 29.1 | – | 5.0 | 0.1–10.0 | 15.0–200.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | ||
| 18 | Cereal chaff | 12.5 | – | 5.5 | 8.0 | 8.0–96.0 | 20.0 | – | Han et al. (2005) | |
| 19 | Leaf powder Hevea brasiliensis | 46.7 | – | 5.0 | 1.0–20.0 | 10.0–200.0 | 30.0 | Low-cost | Hanafiah et al. (2006) | |
| 20 | Tree fern | 38.1 | – | 4.9 | 4.0 | 200.0 | 20.0 | Low-cost | Ho (2005) | |
| 21 | Ficus benghalensis | 12.3 | 52.2 | 5.5 | – | 20.0–100.0 | RT | Low-cost | Hymavathi and Prabhakar (2019) | |
| 22 | Mango peel waste | 99.1 | – | 5.0 | 2.5 | 10.0–600.0 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | Low-cost | Iqbal et al. (2009) | |
| 23 | Bamboo dust | 2.2 | 70.1 | 7.2 | 10.0–28.0 | 600.0 | 30.0 ± 1.0 | – | Kannan and Veemaraj (2009) | |
| 24 | C. demersum | 44.8 | – | 5.0–6.0 | 2.0 | 2.0–64.0 | 25.0 | – | Keskinkan et al. (2007) | |
| 25 | M. spicatum | 46.5 | – | 5.0–6.0 | 2.0 | 2.0–64.0 | 25.0 | – | ||
| 26 | Schleichera oleosa bark | 69.4 | 97.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 10.0–100.0 | 30.0–50.0 | Low-cost | Khatoon et al. (2018) | |
| 27 | Tamarix leaves activated carbon | 42.2 | 97.9 | 6.0 | 0.25–3.0 | 10.0–100.0 | 25.0–55.0 | Low-cost | Koohzad et al. (2019) | |
| 28 | Bael tree leaf | 4.1 | 90.1 | 5.0 | 5.0–30.0 | 25.0–100.0 | 30.0 | Low-cost | Kumar and Gayathri (2009) | |
| 29 | Lawny grass modified | 321.2 | 100.0 | 5.0–5.8 | 1.7 | 103.6–414.4 | 5.0–55.0 | Low-cost | Lu et al. (2009) | |
| 30 | Curry leaf powder | 60.9 | 92.0 | 6.5 | 1.0–4.0 | 50.0–200.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Mukherjee et al. (2020) | |
| 31 | Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. Bark | 184.4 | – | 5.0 | 4.0 | 20.7–2072.0 | 25.0–60.0 | Low-cost | Patnukao et al. (2008) | |
| 32 | Leaves Ficus religiosa | 37.5 | – | 4.0 | 0.5 | 100.0 | 20.0–40.0 | Low-cost | Qaiser et al. (2009) | |
| 33 | Ziziphus jojoba | 80.0 | – | 6.0 | 1.0–30.0 | 20.0–700.0 | 20.0–50.0 | Feasible | Salman et al. (2019) | |
| 34 | Eriobotrya Japonica leaves | 73.1 | – | 6.0 | 1.0–30.0 | 20.0–700.0 | 20.0–50.0 | Feasible | ||
| 35 | Ulva lactuca | 34.7 | – | 5.0 | 2.0–40.0 | 10.0–400.0 | 20.0–50.0 | – | Sari and Tuzen (2008) | |
| 36 | Prosopis cineraria leaf ash | 0.4 | 100.0 | 6.0 | 1.0–3.0 | 30.0–120.0 | 25.0 | – | Shahmaleki et al. (2020) | |
| 37 | Cephalosporium aphidicola | 92.3 | 62.5 | 1.0–6.0 | 0.4–3.0 | 100.0.–400.0 | 20.0–40.0 | – | Tunali et al. (2006) | |
| 38 | Tobacco leaves | 238.6 | – | 2.0 | 0.5–3.0 | 5.0–50.0 | 30.0–70.0 | Low-cost | Yogeshwaran and Priya (2021) | |
| 39 | Natural condensed tannin | 114.9 | 91.0 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 100.0–1000.0 | 20.0 | – | Zhan and Zhao (2003) | |
RT Room temperature