Table 6.
Biotechnology-based adsorbents
| Sl. No | Adsorbent | Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g) | Maximum removal (%) | Optimum pH | Dose (g/L) | Concentration (mg/L) | Temperature (°C) | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alginate-immobilized Chlorella vulgaris | – | > 90.0 | 6.0 | 3 × 107 cells:1 ml | 50.0 | RT | Low-cost | Abdel-Hameed (2006) |
| 2 | Sewage sludge-derived biochar immobilized nanoscale zero-valent iron | – | 91.0 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 15.0 | RT | – | Diao et al. (2018) |
| 3 | Chlorella vulgaris | 133.8 | 99.4 | 5.0 | 0.25–4.0 | 50.0 | RT | Low-cost | Goher et al. (2016) |
| 4 | Biomass of Spirulina maxima | – | 92.0 | 5.5 | 0.1–2.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 | – | Gong et al. (2005) |
| 5 | Anaerobic digestion sludge biochar | 53.4 | 100.0 | 6.0 | 1.0–10.0 | 100.0 | 20.0–40.0 | – | Ho et al. (2017) |
| 6 | Aspergillus niger | 172.2 | 45.5 | 4.0–5.4 | – | 200.0–1400.0 | 37.0 | – | Iram et al. (2015) |
| 7 | Alkali-treated mango seed integuments | 49.9 | 75.2 | 7.0 | 0.5–3.0 | 1.0–50.0 | 30.0 | – | Kanjilal et al. (2014) |
| 8 | Neurospora crassa | 43.3 | – | 4.0 | 2.0 | 5.0–300.0 | 25.0 | – | Kiran et al. (2005) |
| 9 | Xanthan biopolymer integrated graphene oxide | 199.2 | 80.8 | 5.2 | 0.1–1.0 | 10.0–300.0 | 30.0–70.0 | – | Lai et al. (2020) |
| 10 | Phosphate-modified baker's yeast | 92.0 | 88.2 | 5.0 | 0.2–2.0 | 25.0–250.0 | 25.0–40.0 | Low-cost | Liu et al. (2018) |
| 11 | Sargassum glaucescens | 244.5 | – | 5.0 | – | 207.2 | 20.0 ± 2.0 | – | Naddafi et al. (2007) |
| 12 | Iron oxide modified clay-activated carbon composite beads | 74.2 | 95.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 12.0–350.0 | 25.0 | Low-cost | Pawar et al. (2018) |
| 13 | Calcium alginate beads doped Caryota urens seeds carbon | 86.9 | 96.0 | 7.0 | 0.5–5.0 | 50.0–250.0 | 30.0–60.0 | – | Ravulapalli and Kunta (2018) |
| 14 | Sodium alginate graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) beads | 526.0 | 96.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 200.0–1000.0 | RT | – | Salisu et al. (2016) |
| 15 | Encapsulated Agrobacterium fabrum | 197.0 | 85.0 | 5.5 | 10 beads:2 ml | 100.0–4000.0 | 37.0 | – | Tiwari et al. (2017) |
| 16 | Bio-hybrid silsesquioxane/yeast | 248.0 | 82.0 | 4.0 | 50–500 cm3/g | 100.0–1000.0 | 25.0–40.0 | Low-cost | Trama-Freitas et al. (2017) |
| 17 | Immobilized inactivated cells of Rhizopus oligosporus in calcium alginate | 25.8 | – | 2.0–5.0 | – | 50.0–100 | 25.0 | – | Xia et al. (2003) |
| 18 | Ferric-activated biological sludge | 43.0 | 98.5 | 4.0–6.0 | 0.5–3.0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | – | Yang et al. (2019) |
| 19 | Fungi Penicillium oxalicum | 155.6 | 98.3 | 4.0–5.0 | 107 spores/ml | 100.0–2500.0 | 30.0 | – | Ye et al. (2018) |
| 20 | Nano-ZnO/yeast composites | 66.7 | – | 6.0 | 4.0 | 25.0–250.0 | RT | Economical | Zhang et al. (2016) |
| 21 | Baker’s yeast | 22.5 | – | 6.0 | 4.0 | 25.0–250.0 | RT | Low-cost | |
| 22 | Sludge-based biochar | 7.6 | – | 8.0 | – | 5.0–300.0 | 15.0–45.0 | – | Zhang et al. (2020a, b) |
| 23 | Activated sludge-based biochar | 38.5 | – | 8.0 | – | 5.0–300.0 | 15.0–45.0 | – | |
| 24 | Sludge-based biochar pretreated with HCl | 9.8 | – | 8.0 | – | 5.0–300.0 | 15.0–45.0 | – | |
| 25 | Activated sludge-based biochar pretreated with HCl | 40.4 | – | 8.0 | – | 5.0–300.0 | 15.0–45.0 | – | |
| 26 | Sludge-based biochar pretreated with HF | 16.7 | – | 8.0 | – | 5.0–300.0 | 15.0–45.0 | – | |
| 27 | Activated sludge-based biochar pretreated with HF | 49.5 | – | 8.0 | – | 5.0–300.0 | 15.0–45.0 | – |
RT Room temperature