Table 7.
Promising low-cost adsorbents and their performances
| SL No | Type | Adsorbent | Maximum sorption capacity (mg/g) | Maximum removal (%) | Advantage | Limitations | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Natural material | Activated Aloji clay | 333.3 | 97.3 | Can be used over a wide range of pH and temperature |
Limited field applications No information on reusability Production cost is unknown |
Obayomi and Outa (2019) |
| 2 | Bentonite | 119.7 | 98.1 | Applicable for other heavy metals | Pfeifer et al. (2020) | ||
| 3 | Zeolite | 137.0 | 99.5 | Applicable for other heavy metals | |||
| 4 | Industrial byproduct | Ladle Furnace steel dust | 208.9 | Applicable for industrial effluent |
Toxicity data is not available Reproducibility should be investigated Cost information is not available |
Bouabidi et al. (2018) | |
| 5 | Sunflower wood waste fly ash | 138.4 | 99.8 | Applicable for other heavy metals | Kalak et al. (2021) | ||
| 6 | Fly ash mixed with geopolymer | 118.6 | Can be used over a wide range of pH and temperature | Liu et al. (2016) | |||
| 7 | Steel slag | 59.8 | 85.6 | Applicable for other heavy metals | Pfeifer et al. (2020) | ||
| 9 | Agricultural waste | Carboxylated jute stick-derived activated carbon | 2079.0 | 99.8 | Quick removal |
Toxicity, reusability, and cost should be investigated Removal process depends on temperature |
Aziz et al. (2019) |
| 10 | Lentil husk | 81.4 | 98.0 | Applicable for industrial effluent, easily desorbed | Basu et al. (2015) | ||
| 11 | Rice husk nanocomposite | 1665.0 | 96.8 | Regeneration without significant effect on efficiency | Kamari et al. (2019) | ||
| 12 | Functionalized graphene from rice husk | 748.5 | 99.8 | Applicable for industrial effluent | Mahmoud et al. (2020) | ||
| 13 | Coffee endocarp waste treated with NaOH | 272.6 | 89.9 | Can be applicable for other heavy metals | Mariana et al. (2021) | ||
| 14 | Formaldehyde-treated Onion skin | 200.0 | 93.5 | Can be used over a wide range of pH | Saka et al. (2011) | ||
| 15 | Magnetic rice husk biochar | 129.0 | 91.7 | Applicable for other heavy metals, recyclable | Wang et al (2018) | ||
| 16 | Dehydrated banana peels biochar | 359.0 | > 90.0 | Can be used over a wide range of pH | Zhou et al (2017) | ||
| 17 | Fresh banana peels biochar | 193.0 | > 90.0 | ||||
| 18 | Forest waste | Citrus limetta leaves | 69.8 | 99.5 | Applicable for other heavy metals |
Limited field applications No information on reusability Production cost is unknown |
Aboli et al (2020) |
| 19 | Carpobrotus edulis | 175.6 | 98.0 | Applicable for other heavy metals | Benhima et al (2008) | ||
| 20 | Leaf powder Azadirachta indica (neem) | 300.0 | 93.0 | Can be used over a wide range of pH | Bhattacharyya and Sharm (2004) | ||
| 21 | Viscum album leaves | 769.2 | 92.2 | Can be used over a wide range of temperature | Erenturk and Malko (2007) | ||
| 22 | Schleichera oleosa bark | 69.4 | 97.0 | Recyclable, can be used over a wide range of pH and temperature | Khatoon et al. (2008) | ||
| 23 | Natural condensed tannin | 114.9 | 91.0 | Favorable in lead removal from acidic wastewater | Zhan and Zhao (2003) | ||
| 24 | Biotechnology-based material | Phosphate-modified baker's yeast | 92.0 | 88.2 | Excellent regeneration capability |
May not be feasible for drinking water applications Information on toxicity and health effects is not available |
Liu et al. (2018) |
| 25 | Iron oxide modified clay-activated carbon composite beads | 74.2 | 95.0 | Applicable for other heavy metals | Pawar et al. (2018) | ||
| 26 | Bio-hybrid silsesquioxane/yeast | 248.0 | 82.0 | Quick removal | Trama-Freitas et al. (2017) |