TABLE 1.

Effect of GDF5 on MSCs in culture.

GDF5 Concentration	Cell population	Culture duration	Culture conditions	Outcomes	References
100 μg/ml	hASCs	28 Days	Pullulan microbeads	Promote cell recruitment and ECM remodelling	Frapin et al. (2020)
100 ng/ml	hMSCs	18 Days	3D alginate bead	i) Up-regulate aggrecan and collagen II.	Gantenbein-Ritter et al. (2011)
				ii) Promote expression of aggrecan in relation to collagen
100 ng/ml	hACs and hMSCs	21 days	GE-silk fleece	GE-silk scaffold thrive hMSC towards a NP-cell-like phenotype or maintain the phenotype of native hAFC.	Frauchiger et al. (2018)
100 ng/ml	ADSCs	14 days	PNIPAAM-g-CS	i) Hydrogel support NP regeneration	Christiani et al. (2021)
				ii) PNIPAAM-g-CS supports the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of ADSCs toward an NP-cell-like phenotype
100 ng/ml	hACs and hMSCs	4 weeks	2D	i) Up-regulate chondrogenic gene expression in both hACs and hMSCs	Murphy et al. (2015)
				ii) Induce the upregulation of chondrogenic genes and synthesis of cartilage-specific matrix
				iii) Yield mechanically robust cartilage rich in collagen II and GAGs
50–500 ng/ml	hMSCs	21 Days	Pellet	i) Upregulate collagen II.	Coleman et al. (2013)
				ii) Potential synergistic relationship with TGFβ1 in driving chondrogenic differentiation
10 ng/ml; 100 ng/ml; 1,000 ng/ml	AD-MSCs	14 Days	type I collagen hydrogels	i) Differentiate to an NP-like phenotype and results in a more proteoglycan-rich matrix	Clarke et al. (2014)
				ii) GDF6-treated AD-MSCs have a less-stiff matrix composition
				iii) Induce a matrix that is more akin to the native NP-like tissue
100 ng/ml	hMSCs	Up to 7 Days	HA-pNIPAM	Support hMSC differente toward the disc phenotype	Peroglio et al. (2013)