Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds of adherence to all PHSMs
| Adherence n=5571 |
Non-adherence n=16 029 |
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR* | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 33.8 (12.2)† | 32.4 (11.1) | 1.01† | 1.01† |
| Gender | ||||
| Men (0) | 43.3% | 51.9% | Ref | Ref |
| Women (1) | 56.7%† | 48.1% | 1.41† | 1.49† |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education (0) | 7.5%† | 9.1% | Ref | Ref |
| Primary school (1) | 13.7%† | 12.5% | 1.34† | 1.19‡ |
| Secondary school (2) | 42.8%† | 35.5% | 1.47† | 1.14‡ |
| College/graduation/postgraduation/vocational degree (3) | 36.0%† | 42.9% | 1.02 | 0.95 |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban area (0) | 38.2%† | 43.3% | Ref | Ref |
| Rural area (1) | 61.8%† | 56.7% | 1.24† | 1.10† |
| Separate room in house to keep sick isolated | ||||
| No (0) | 54.6% | 59.2% | Ref | Ref |
| Yes (1) | 45.4%† | 40.8% | 1.21† | 1.01 |
| Access to running water | ||||
| No (0) | 57.6% | 64.9% | Ref | Ref |
| Yes (1) | 42.4%† | 35.1% | 1.36† | 1.19† |
| Health status | ||||
| Self-report that general health is ‘good’ or ‘very good’. (1) | 81.0% | 81.2% | 0.98 | 1.15† |
| Respondent or a household member had COVID-19 (Yes, confirmed or unconfirmed). (1) | 2.40% | 2.0% | 1.2 | 0.95 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||
| Knowledge about COVID-19 | ||||
| Washing hands helps prevent getting it. (1) | 96.3%† | 94.5% | 1.48† | 1.29‡ |
| Wearing a face mask when around other people prevents the spread of it. (1) | 95.6%† | 92.4% | 1.70† | 1.56† |
| Personal risk perception | ||||
| What do you think is your level of risk of catching COVID-19? (1) | 33.3%† | 26.8% | 1.36† | 1.15† |
| If you were infected by coronavirus or COVID-19, how seriously do you think it would affect your health? (1) | 53.0%† | 47.7% | 1.23† | 1.12† |
| Self-efficacy | ||||
| I am confident in my ability to follow information and restrictions given by the government to reduce my risk of getting COVID-19. (1) | 92.5%† | 89.6% | 1.44† | 1.25† |
| Trust in public health leadership | ||||
| Hospitals, health centres (1) | 81.6%† | 74.3% | 1.53† | 1.15‡ |
| Ministry of health (1) | 78.8%† | 72.5% | 1.66† | 1.21† |
| The president (1) | 74.4%† | 67.0% | 1.62† | 1.35† |
| Country | ||||
| Cameroon (0) | 2.2% | 6.7%† | Ref | Ref |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (1) | 4.9% | 5.8%† | 2.5† | 2.26† |
| Ethiopia (2) | 6.5%† | 5.2% | 3.68† | 2.62† |
| Ghana (3) | 4.8% | 5.8%† | 2.44† | 1.89† |
| Guinea Conakry (4) | 2.5% | 6.6%† | 1.13 | 1.04 |
| Côte d’Ivoire (5) | 2.5% | 6.6%† | 1.14 | 0.93 |
| Kenya (6) | 6.3%† | 5.3% | 3.56† | 2.80† |
| Liberia (7) | 3.9% | 6.1%† | 1.9† | 1.60† |
| Mozambique (8) | 8.3%† | 4.6% | 5.41† | 3.98† |
| Nigeria (9) | 4.3% | 6%† | 2.14† | 1.98† |
| Senegal (10) | 6.4%† | 5.3% | 3.63† | 3.32† |
| South Africa (11) | 13.2%† | 2.9% | 13.51† | 10.39† |
| Uganda (12) | 8.1%† | 4.7% | 5.22† | 3.91† |
| Zambia (13) | 3.8% | 6.2%† | 1.81† | 1.43‡ |
| Zimbabwe (14) | 8.8%† | 4.4% | 5.87† | 4.90† |
| Egypt (15) | 6.6%† | 5.2% | 3.79† | 4.71† |
| Tunisia (16) | 2.1% | 6.8%† | 0.92 | 0.72† |
| Sudan (17) | 4.8% | 5.8%† | 2.45† | 2.37† |
*Covariates: age, gender, education, urbanity, separate room in house to keep sick isolated, access to running water, health status, knowledge about washing hands, knowledge about wearing mask, respondent or a household member had COVID-19, personal risk perception, self-efficacy, trust in president/prime minister, trust in ministry of health/department of health, trust in hospitals/health centres, country.
†At 0.01 significance level.
‡At 0.05 significance level.
PHSM, public health and social measure.