Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds of adherence to personal PHSMs
| Personal PHSMs | ||||
| Adherence n=14 157 |
Non-adherence n=7443 |
Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR* | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 33.1 (11.4)† | 31.0 (11.5) | 1.01† | 1.01† |
| Gender | ||||
| Men (0) | 47.2% | 54.3% | Ref | Ref |
| Women (1) | 52.8%† | 45.7% | 1.33† | 1.43† |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education (0) | 8.2%† | 9.7% | Ref | Ref |
| Primary school (1) | 12.5% | 13.4% | 1.12 | 1.17 |
| Secondary school (2) | 38.6%† | 35.0% | 1.32† | 1.22† |
| College/graduation/postgraduation/vocational degree (3) | 40.7% | 41.9% | 1.16‡ | 1.17 |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban area (0) | 41.0%† | 45.2% | Ref | Ref |
| Rural area (1) | 59.0%† | 54.8% | 1.12† | 0.96 |
| Separate room in house to keep sick isolated | ||||
| No (0) | 58.7% | 56.6% | Ref | Ref |
| Yes (1) | 41.3%† | 43.4% | 0.92‡ | 1.06 |
| Access to running water | ||||
| No (0) | 60.7% | 67.3% | Ref | Ref |
| Yes (1) | 39.3%† | 32.7% | 1.33† | 1.11 |
| Health status | ||||
| Self-report that general health is ‘good’ or ‘very good’. (1) | 83.1%† | 77.5% | 1.43† | 1.38† |
| Respondent or a household member had COVID-19 (Yes, confirmed or unconfirmed). (1) | 1.9%† | 2.4% | 0.82‡ | 0.87 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | ||||
| Knowledge about COVID-19 | ||||
| Washing hands helps prevent getting it. (1) | 96.2%† | 92.6% | 1.94† | 1.71† |
| Wearing a face mask when around other people prevents the spread of it. (1) | 94.8%† | 90.1% | 1.99† | 1.53† |
| Personal risk perception | ||||
| What do you think is your level of risk of catching COVID-19? (1) | 30.4%† | 24.9% | 1.32† | 1.11‡ |
| If you were infected by coronavirus or COVID-19, how seriously do you think it would affect your health? (1) | 50.6%† | 46.3% | 1.19† | 1.11‡ |
| Self-efficacy | ||||
| I am confident in my ability to follow information and restrictions given by the government to reduce my risk of getting COVID-19. (1) | 93.1%† | 85.1% | 2.38† | 1.87† |
| Trust in public health leadership | ||||
| Hospitals, health centres (1) | 80.0%† | 68.9% | 1.81† | 1.17† |
| Ministry of health (1) | 77.9%† | 66.9% | 1.92† | 1.38† |
| The president (1) | 72.4%† | 62.2% | 1.69† | 1.43† |
| Country | ||||
| Cameroon (0) | 4.2% | 8.1%† | Ref | Ref |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo (1) | 6.1%† | 4.6% | 2.52† | 2.03† |
| Ethiopia (2) | 6.4%† | 3.9% | 3.13† | 2.09† |
| Ghana (3) | 6.5%† | 3.8% | 3.24† | 2.30† |
| Guinea Conakry (4) | 4.3% | 7.9%† | 1.05 | 0.89 |
| Côte d’Ivoire (5) | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.13† | 1.79† |
| Kenya (6) | 6.8%† | 3.1% | 4.16† | 3.14† |
| Liberia (7) | 5.5% | 5.6% | 1.91† | 1.41† |
| Mozambique (8) | 6.0%† | 4.8% | 2.39† | 1.67† |
| Nigeria (9) | 5.7% | 5.2% | 2.09† | 1.81† |
| Senegal (10) | 7.0%† | 2.8% | 4.82† | 4.87† |
| South Africa (11) | 7.4%† | 2.1% | 6.57† | 5.03† |
| Uganda (12) | 5.7% | 5.3% | 2.04† | 1.46† |
| Zambia (13) | 5.5% | 5.7% | 1.83† | 1.28‡ |
| Zimbabwe (14) | 6.5%† | 3.8% | 3.22† | 2.54† |
| Egypt (15) | 5.5% | 5.7% | 1.84† | 2.57† |
| Tunisia (16) | 2.3% | 11.7%† | 0.38† | 0.26† |
| Sudan (17) | 2.9% | 10.6%† | 0.53† | 0.44† |
*Covariates: age, gender, education, urbanity, separate room in house to keep sick isolated, access to running water, health status, knowledge about washing hands, knowledge about wearing mask, respondent or a household member had COVID-19, personal risk perception, self-efficacy, trust in president/prime minister, trust in ministry of health/department of health, trust in hospitals/health centres, country.
†At 0.01 significance level.
‡At 0.05 significance level.
PHSM, public health and social measure.