Table 1.
Individual, community, healthcare characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 cases in DKI Jakarta, 2 March 2020 to 31 August 2021
| Total n=705 503 | Deceased n=10 797 | Recovered n=694 706 | P value | |
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||
| Median age (IQR), years | 36 (24–50) | 59 (50–68) | 35 (24–49) | <0.0001 |
| Age group, years | <0.0001 | |||
| 0–4 | 21 793 (3.1%) | 47 (0.4%) | 21 746 (3.1%) | |
| 5–9 | 23 070 (3.3%) | 16 (0.2%) | 23 054 (3.3%) | |
| 10–19 | 66 514 (9.4%) | 72 (0.7%) | 66 514 (9.4%) | |
| 20–29 | 149 267 (21.2%) | 311 (2.9%) | 148 956 (21.4%) | |
| 30–39 | 146 900 (20.8%) | 692 (6.4%) | 146 208 (21.1%) | |
| 40–49 | 121 454 (17.2%) | 1455 (13.5%) | 119 999 (17.2%) | |
| 50–59 | 98 934 (14.0%) | 3115 (28.9%) | 95 819 (13.8%) | |
| 60–69 | 52 776 (7.5%) | 2827 (26.2%) | 49 949 (7.2%) | |
| ≥70 | 24 761 (3.5%) | 2261 (20.9%) | 22 500 (3.2%) | |
| Sex | <0.0001 | |||
| Female | 364 133 (51.6%) | 4810 (44.6%) | 359 323 (51.7%) | |
| Male | 341 370 (48.4%) | 5987 (55.4%) | 335 383 (48.3%) | |
| Hospitalised | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 472 478 (67.0%) | 105 (1.0%) | 427 373 (68.0%) | |
| Yes | 233 025 (33.0% | 10 692 (99.0%) | 222 333 (32.0%) | |
| Comorbidities | <0.0001 | |||
| Absent | 288 228 (40.9%) | 2754 (25.5%) | 285 474 (41.1%) | |
| Present | 4974 (0.7%) | 468 (4.3%) | 4506 (0.7%) | |
| Unknown | 412 301 (58.4%) | 7575 (70.2%) | 404 726 (58.3%) | |
| Period of time | <0.0001 | |||
| First wave | 321 734 (46.3%) | 6107 (57.1%) | 315 627 (46.2%) | |
| Second wave | 372 688 (53.7%) | 4585 (42.9%) | 368 103 (53.8%) | |
| Subdistrict-level characteristics* | ||||
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Population density, population/km2 | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (<14 093) | 157 561 (22.4%) | 2164 (20.1%) | 155 397 (22.4%) | |
| Q2 (14 093–17,092) | 199 848 (28.4%) | 2939 (27.3%) | 196 909 (28.4%) | |
| Q3 (17 092–22,578) | 194 519 (27.6%) | 3154 (29.2%) | 191 365 (27.6%) | |
| Q4 (22 578–50,829) | 152 557 (21.6%) | 2529 (23.4%) | 150 028 (21.6%) | |
| Poverty, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (0.2–1.5) | 199 916 (28.4%) | 2717 (25.2%) | 197 199 (28.4%) | |
| Q2 (1.5–2.1) | 156 153 (22.1%) | 2614 (24.2%) | 153 539 (22.1%) | |
| Q3 (2.1–3.6) | 173 167 (24.6%) | 2712 (25.2%) | 170 455 (24.6%) | |
| Q4 (3.6–8.8) | 175 249 (24.9%) | 2743 (25.4%) | 172 506 (24.9%) | |
| Poor sanitation areas, % | 0.135 | |||
| Q1 (0–47.9) | 181 868 (25.8%) | 2747 (25.5%) | 179 121 (25.8%) | |
| Q2 (47.9–59.9) | 191 093 (27.2%) | 2846 (26.4%) | 188 247 (27.2%) | |
| Q3 (59.9–63.8) | 158 002 (22.4%) | 2464 (22.8%) | 155 538 (22.4%) | |
| Q4 (63.8–89.2) | 173 522 (24.6%) | 2729 (25.3%) | 170 793 (24.6%) | |
| Healthcare capacity | ||||
| Doctor–population ratio, doctor per 10 000 population | 0.158 | |||
| Q1 (2.6–5.2) | 177 254 (25.2%) | 2, 680 (24.8%) | 174 574 (25.2%) | |
| Q2 (5.2–7.9) | 191 918 (27.2%) | 3012 (27.9%) | 188 906 (27.2%) | |
| Q3 (7.9–9.9) | 166 147 (23.6%) | 2467 (22.9%) | 163 680 (23.6%) | |
| Q4 (9.9–74.8) | 169 166 (24.0%) | 2627 (24.4%) | 166 539 (24.0%) | |
| Nurse–population ratio, nurse per 10 000 population | 0.007 | |||
| Q1 (2.9–11.2) | 185 251 (26.3%) | 2755 (25.5%) | 182 496 (26.3%) | |
| Q2 (11.2–22.8) | 161 767 (23.0%) | 2553 (23.7%) | 159 214 (23.0%) | |
| Q3 (22.8–83.9) | 176 863 (25.1%) | 2611 (24.2%) | 174 252 (25.1%) | |
| Q4 (83.9–416.1) | 180 604 (25.6%) | 2867 (26.6%) | 177 737 (25.6%) | |
| COVID-19 vaccination coverage, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (33.0–36.1) | 190 502 (27.0%) | 3254 (30.2%) | 187 248 (27.0%) | |
| Q2 (36.1–38.5) | 164 821 (23.4%) | 2662 (24.7%) | 162 159 (23.4%) | |
| Q3 (38.5–40.5) | 172 210 (24.5%) | 2358 (21.8%) | 169 852 (24.5%) | |
| Q4 (40.5–50.0) | 176 952 (25.1%) | 2512 (23.3%) | 174 440 (25.1%) | |
| Universal child immunisation coverage, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (94.5–96.2) | 180 820 (25.7%) | 2682 (24.9%) | 178 138 (25.7%) | |
| Q2 (96.2–98.0) | 191 987 (27.2%) | 2862 (26.5%) | 189 125 (27.2%) | |
| Q3 (98.0–98.9) | 155 023 (22.0%) | 2586 (24.0%) | 152 437 (22.0%) | |
| Q4 (98.9–100.0) | 173 999 (25.1%) | 2656 (24.6%) | 173 999 (25.1%) | |
| Health-related characteristics | ||||
| Prevalence of hypertension, % | 0.490 | |||
| Q1 (4.2–7.1) | 173 268 (24.6%) | 2693 (25.0%) | 170 575 (24.6%) | |
| Q2 (7.1–8.7) | 203 932 (29.0%) | 3127 (29.0%) | 200 805 (28.9%) | |
| Q3 (8.7–13.6) | 145 395 (20.6%) | 2165 (20.0%) | 143 230 (20.7%) | |
| Q4 (13.6–33.0) | 181 890 (25.8%) | 2801 (26.0%) | 179 089 (25.8%) | |
| Prevalence of diabetes, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (0.6–1.3) | 188 051 (26.0%) | 2934 (27.2%) | 180 117 (26.0%) | |
| Q2 (1.3–2.1) | 160 975 (22.9%) | 2284 (21.2%) | 158 691 (22.9%) | |
| Q3 (2.1–3.2) | 176 348 (25.0%) | 2682 (24.9%) | 173 666 (25.0%) | |
| Q4 (3.2–5.4) | 184 111 (26.1%) | 2886 (26.7%) | 181 225 (26.1%) | |
| Prevalence of tuberculosis, % | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (0.1–0.2) | 181 457 (25.8%) | 2504 (23.2%) | 178 953 (25.8%) | |
| Q2 (0.2–0.3) | 188 309 (26.7%) | 2865 (26.6%) | 185 444 (26.7%) | |
| Q3 (0.3–0.5) | 171 319 (24.3%) | 2741 (25.4%) | 168 578 (24.3%) | |
| Q4 (0.5–2.4) | 163 400 (23.2%) | 2676 (24.8%) | 160 724 (23.2%) | |
| All-cause mortality per 1000 under 5 years old population | <0.0001 | |||
| Q1 (0.8–2.1) | 201 666 (28.6%) | 3167 (29.4%) | 198 499 (28.6%) | |
| Q2 (2.1–2.6) | 137 785 (19.6%) | 2054 (19.0%) | 135 731 (19.6%) | |
| Q3 (2.6–4.0) | 204 265 (29.0%) | 2872 (26.6%) | 201 393 (29.0%) | |
| Q4 (4.0–6.3) | 160 769 (22.8%) | 2693 (25.0%) | 158 076 (22.8%) | |
First wave: March 2020 to April 2021, second wave: May 2021 to August 2021.
*Numeric values were categorised into quarters (Q), that is, below 25th percentile (lowest), 25th–50th percentile (Q2), 50th–75th percentile (Q3) and above 75th percentile (highest) for each subdistrict-level variable.
DKI, Daerah Khusus Ibukota.