Table 2.
Bivariable analysis of individual, community and healthcare risk factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in DKI Jakarta, 2 March 2020 to 31 August 2021
| Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Individual-level factors | ||
| Age group, years | ||
| 0–4 | 1.03 (0.76 to 1.40) | 0.836 |
| 5–9 | 0.33 (0.20 to 0.55) | <0.0001 |
| 10–19 | 0.52 (0.40 to 0.67) | <0.0001 |
| 20–29 | 1 (ref) | |
| 30–39 | 2.27 (1.99 to 2.60) | <0.0001 |
| 40–49 | 5.81 (5.14 to 6.57) | <0.0001 |
| 50–59 | 15.59 (13.86 to 17.52) | <0.0001 |
| 60–69 | 27.26 (24.23 to 30.67) | <0.0001 |
| ≥70 | 49.18 (43.63 to 55.43) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1 (ref) | |
| Male | 1.34 (1.28 to 1.39) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Present | 10.75 (9.70 to 11.91) | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 1 (ref) | |
| Period of time | ||
| First wave | 1.55 (1.49 to 1.61) | <0.0001 |
| Second wave | 1 (ref) | |
| Sociodemographics | ||
| Population density | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 1.06 (0.96 to 1.18) | 0.229 |
| Q3 | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.28) | 0.007 |
| Highest | 1.20 (1.08 to 1.33) | 0.001 |
| Poverty level | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 1.21 (1.09 to 1.34) | <0.0001 |
| Q3 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) | 0.006 |
| Highest | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) | 0.005 |
| Proportion of poor sanitation areas | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 0.98 (0.87 to 1.10) | 0.744 |
| Q3 | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) | 0.526 |
| Highest | 1.15 (1.04 to 1.27) | 0.664 |
| Healthcare capacity | ||
| Vaccination coverage | ||
| Lowest | 1.20 (1.09 to 1.31) | <0.0001 |
| Q2 | 1.14 (1.04 to 1.24) | 0.005 |
| Q3 | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.06) | 0.423 |
| Highest | 1 (ref) | |
| Doctor–population ratio | ||
| Lowest | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.10) | 0.691 |
| Q2 | 1.01 (0.90 to 1.12) | 0.899 |
| Q3 | 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) | 0.433 |
| Highest | 1 (ref) | |
| Nurse–population ratio | ||
| Lowest | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 0.292 |
| Q2 | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.11) | 0.831 |
| Q3 | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 0.278 |
| Highest | 1 (ref) | |
| Universal child immunisation | ||
| Lowest | 1.00 (0.90 to 1.12) | 0.980 |
| Q2 | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.24) | 0.131 |
| Q3 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | 0.666 |
| Highest | 1 (ref) | |
| Health-related characteristics | ||
| Prevalence of hypertension | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 0.628 |
| Q3 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.10) | 0.685 |
| Highest | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.12) | 0.999 |
| Prevalence of diabetes | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 0.89 (0.80 to 1.01) | 0.292 |
| Q3 | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 0.831 |
| Highest | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.08) | 0.278 |
| Prevalence of tuberculosis | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | 0.078 |
| Q3 | 1.12 (1.00 to 1.25) | 0.044 |
| Highest | 1.18 (1.06 to 1.31) | 0.003 |
| All-cause mortality among under 5 years old population | ||
| Lowest | 1 (ref) | |
| Q2 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.06) | 0.398 |
| Q3 | 0.90 (0.82 to 1.00) | 0.045 |
| Highest | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.19) | 0.209 |
First wave=March 2020 to April 2021. Second wave=May 2021 to August 2021. Numeric values were categorised into quarters (Q), that is, below 25th percentile (Lowest), 25th–50th percentile (Q2), 50th–75th percentile (Q3) and above 75th percentile (highest) for each subdistrict level variable.
DKI, Daerah Khusus Ibukota; OR, odds ratio.