TABLE 3.

ECG generation results of multiple methods based on different datasets.

Method	Dataset	MMD
4CNN GAN (Delaney et al., 2019)*	MIT-BIH	1.03 × 10–3
4CNN BiLSTM GAN (Delaney et al., 2019)*	MIT-BIH	1.13 × 10–3
VAE (Kuznetsov et al., 2021)*	LUDB	3.83 × 10–3
Gold standard (test dataset)	United Kingdom Biobank	1.40 × 10–4
ECG VAE	United Kingdom Biobank	3.05 × 10–5
Multi-Domain VAE (Proposed)	United Kingdom Biobank	3.54 × 10–5

*Values obtained directly from Delaney et al. (2019) or Kuznetsov et al. (2021)