TABLE 2.
Characteristic features to distinguish Marantodes pumilum varieties based on different analytical techniques.
| No. | Techniques | Plant Parts | Analysis | M. pumilum var. alata | M. pumilum var. pumila | M. pumilum var. lanceolata | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Microscopic analysis (anatomy) | Leaf epidermis | Type of trichome | Adaxial epidermis | Absent | Simple, 2-armed, scale | Absent | Aladdin et al. (2016) |
| Abaxial epidermis | Scale, capitate glandular | Scale | Scale | |||||
| Type of stomata | Adaxial epidermis | Absent | Absent | Absent | ||||
| Abaxial epidermis | Anisocyatic, staurocytic | Anisocyatic, diacytic | Anisocyatic | |||||
| Pattern of anticlinal walls | Adaxial epidermis | Straight to curved | Straight to curved | Straight to curved | ||||
| Abaxial epidermis | Straight to wavy | Straight to wavy | Straight to wavy | |||||
| Leaf venation | Marginal venation | Incomplete | Incomplete | Marginal venation | ||||
| Areolar venation | Closed, a few opened, minority free ending veinlets | Closed, free ending veinlets | Areolar venation | |||||
| Leaf lamina and margin | Main mascular bundle | Equidistant to abaxial and adaxial epidermis | Equidistant to abaxial and adaxial epidermis | Close to the adaxial epidermis | ||||
| Marginal outline | Rounded | Rounded | Tapering | |||||
| Marginal direction | 10–30° upwards | 10–30° upwards | 30–45° downwards | |||||
| Midrib | Outline | Adaxial | Slightly convex | Flat/straight | Flat/straight | |||
| Abaxial | U-shaped | ¾ of circle | ¾ of circle | |||||
| Cell inclusion | Solitary crystal calcium oxalate (rectangular), druses, scattered starch grains | Solitary crystal calcium oxalate (cubic), clustered starch grains | Solitary crystal calcium oxalate (cubic), druses, scattered starch grains | |||||
| Type of trichome | Scale, capitate glandular | Scale, capitate glandular | Scale | |||||
| Petiole | Outline | Wing presence at the left and right of adaxial side, ¾ of oval at abaxial side | Wing presence at the left and right of adaxial side, ¾ of oval at abaxial side | Oval | ||||
| Cell inclusion | Brachyscelereids, solitary crystals calcium oxalate (cubic), druses | Brachyscelereids, starch grains, solitary crystals calcium oxalate (cubic), druses | Starch grains, solitary crystals calcium oxalate (cubic), druses | |||||
| Stem | Type of trichome | Scale | Scale, capitate glandular | Scale | ||||
| Outline | Circular | Circular | Circular | |||||
| Parenchyma cortex | Ca. 10–20 | Ca. 8–10 | Ca. 8–10 | |||||
| Number of additional vascular bundle in cortex | 6 | 6 | 5 | |||||
| Pith | Relatively wide | Relatively medium | Relatively medium | |||||
| Cell inclusion | Brachyscelereids, solitary crystals, druses, starch grains | Brachyscelereids, solitary crystals, druses, starch grains | Brachyscelereids, solitary crystals, druses, starch grains | |||||
| Type of trichome | Scale | Scale, capitate glandular | Scale, capitate glandular | |||||
| Secretory canals | Present in pith parenchyma | Present in pith and parenchyma cortex | Present in pith and parenchyma cortex | |||||
| 2 | FTIR with KBR disk | Leaf | IR spectra | 1733 (C = O stretching) | 1733 (C = O stretching) | Absent | Abdullah et al. (2012) | |
| 1204 (C-H in plane deformation) | ||||||||
| Second derivative IR spectra | 1597 (C = C stretching) | Present | Absent | Absent | ||||
| 1331 (O-H bending) | Absent | Absent | Present | |||||
| 2D correlation IR spectra | 1660 (C = O vibration) | Present | Absent | Present | ||||
| 1559 and 1600 | More intense | Low intensity | Low intensity | |||||
| Cross-peaks at (1600, 1640), (1560, 1640) and (1560, 1600) | Strong intensity | Low intensity | Low intensity | |||||
| Cross-peaks at (545–688, 662–740) | Strong broad | Weak | Narrow | |||||
| Principal component analysis (PCA) | The varieties are clustered differently | |||||||
| 3 | ATR-FTIR | Leaf | IR spectra | 3341 (O-H stretching) | 3340 (O-H stretching) | 3285 (O-H stretching) | Aladdin et al. (2016) | |
| 1242 (C-O stretching) | 1235 (C-O stretching) | 1237 (C-O stretching) | ||||||
| 1157 (C-O stretching) | 1159 (C-O stretching) | |||||||
| Stem-root | 3326 (O-H stretching) | 3329 (O-H stretching) | 3330 (O-H stretching) | |||||
| 1614 (C-C stretching) | 1615 (C-C stretching) | 1611 (C-C stretching) | ||||||
| 1021 (C-O stretching) | 1021 (C-O stretching) | 1021 (C-O stretching) | ||||||
| 4 | HPTLC | Leaf | Fingerprint chromatogram | Presence of peaks at Rf 0.20–0.70 | Aladdin et al. (2016) | |||
| Stem-root | Presence of peaks at Rf 0.22 at different intensities | |||||||
| 5 | HPLC | Whole plant | Detection of phytochemical compounds on chromatogram | • Ardisicrenoside B | No information | No information | Avula et al. (2011) | |
| • Ardisiacrispin A | ||||||||
| • 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-αl-arabinopynanosyl cyclamiretin A | ||||||||
| • Ardisimamilloside H | ||||||||
| • Irisresorcinol | ||||||||
| • Belamcandol B | ||||||||
| • Demethylbelamcan-daquinone B | ||||||||
| Leaf | • Gallic acid | • Gallic acid | No information | Tarmizi et al. (2021) | ||||
| • Rutin | • Rutin | |||||||
| No information | • Gallic acid | No information | Radzali et al. (2020) | |||||
| • Methyl gallate | ||||||||
| • Caffeic acid | ||||||||
| • Belamcandol B, 5-pentadec-10′-(Z)-enyl resorcinol | No information | No information | Muhamad et al. (2019) | |||||
| • 1,3-dihydroxy-5- pentadecylbenzene, 5-(heptadec-12′-(Z)-enyl) resorcinol | ||||||||
| • Demethylbelamcanda-quinone B | ||||||||
| • Quercetin | No information | No information | Latiff et al. (2018) | |||||
| • Myricetin | ||||||||
| • Gallic acid | No information | No information | Karimi et al. (2016) | |||||
| • Pyrogallol | ||||||||
| • Myricetin | ||||||||
| • Quercetin | ||||||||
| • Naringin | ||||||||
| • Daidzein | ||||||||
| • Catechin | ||||||||
| • Epicatechin | ||||||||
| • Gallic acid | No information | No information | Salehan et al. (2020) | |||||
| • Gallic acid | No information | No information | Abdah et al. (2014) | |||||
| 6 | LCMS | Whole plant | Detection of phytochemical compounds on chromatogram | • Gallic acid | No information | No information | Giaze et al. (2019) | |
| • Caffeic acid | ||||||||
| • Ellagic acid | ||||||||
| • Apigenin | ||||||||
| • Kaempferol | ||||||||
| • Quercetin | ||||||||
| • Myricetin | ||||||||
| Whole plant | • Ardisicrenoside B | No information | No information | Avula et al. (2011) | ||||
| • Ardisiacrispin A, 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-αl-arabinopynanosyl cyclamiretin A | ||||||||
| • Ardisimamilloside H | ||||||||
| • Belamcandol B | ||||||||
| • Demethylbelamcanda-quinone B | ||||||||
| • Irisresorcinol | ||||||||
| Leaf | • Benzoic acid | No information | No information | Chua et al. (2011) | ||||
| • Gallic acid | ||||||||
| • Vanillic acid | ||||||||
| • Syringic acid | ||||||||
| • Salicylic acid | ||||||||
| • Cinnamic acids | ||||||||
| • Protocatechuic acid | ||||||||
| • Coumaric acid | ||||||||
| • Caffeic acid | ||||||||
| • Chlorogenic acid | ||||||||
| • Quercetin | ||||||||
| • Myricetin | ||||||||
| • Kaempferol | ||||||||
| • Catechin | ||||||||
| • Epigallocatechin | ||||||||
| 7 | DNA Genetic Fingerprinting | Leaf | DNA References barcode | ITS2 (MK249864) rbcL (MH828448) | ITS2 (MK249864) rbcL (MH838008) | ITS2 (MH749147) rbcL (MH766971) | Tarmizi et al. (2021) | |
| rbcL | Tnah et al. (2019) | |||||||
| trnH-psbA | ||||||||
| Microsatellites | 84 alleles | 48 alleles | 66 alleles | Tnah et al. (2014) | ||||