Table 3.
Odds ratios of various skin diseases and exposure to biologics in the COVID‐19‐positive group compared with the COVID‐19‐negative group
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | P‐value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P‐value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P‐value | |
| Skin disease | ||||||
| Alopecia areata | 0·91 (0·67–1·23) | 0·53 | 0·82 (0·60–1·12) | 0·21 | 0·69 (0·44–1·08) | 0·10 |
| Atopic dermatitis | 0·61 (0·52–0·71) | < 0·001 | 0·76 (0·65–0·88) | < 0·001 | 0·82 (0·66–1·02) | 0·073 |
| Psoriasis | 1·00 (0·77–1·31) | 0·98 | 1·03 (0·78–1·36) | 0·81 | 1·07 (0·75–1·53) | 0·70 |
| Rosacea | 0·68 (0·38–1·24) | 0·21 | 0·80 (0·44–1·48) | 0·48 | 0·75 (0·30–1·87) | 0·53 |
| Vitiligo | 0·92 (0·52–1·64) | 0·78 | 0·86 (0·48–1·54) | 0·60 | 0·95 (0·45–1·98) | 0·89 |
| Biologics | ||||||
| TNF‐α inhibitors | 0·27 (0·088–0·84) | 0·024 | 0·27 (0·087–0·85) | 0·026 | 0·18 (0·024–1·27) | 0·085 |
| Etanercept | 0·64 (0·089–4·63) | 0·66 | 0·66 (0·089–4·91) | 0·68 | NA | 0·93 |
| Infliximab | 0·20 (0·028–1·43) | 0·11 | 0·23 (0·032–1·67) | 0·15 | NA | 0·93 |
| Adalimumab | 0·24 (0·034–1·67) | 0·15 | 0·20 (0·027–1·42) | 0·11 | 0·32 (0·044–2·38) | 0·27 |
| Golimumab | NA | 0·92 | NA | 0·91 | NA | 0·95 |
| IL‐12/23 or IL‐23 inhibitors | NA | 0·92 | NA | 0·89 | NA | 0·95 |
| Ustekinumab | NA | 0·90 | NA | 0·91 | NA | 0·95 |
| Guselkumab | NA | 0·90 | NA | 0·90 | NA | 0·94 |
| IL‐17 inhibitors | 3·53 (0·82–15·3) | 0·092 | 3·56 (0·77–16·6) | 0·11 | 4·21 (0·37–47·8) | 0·25 |
| Secukinumab | 5·44 (1·20–24·6) | 0·028 | 6·87 (1·40–33·8) | 0·018 | NA | 0·93 |
| Ixekizumab | NA | 0·93 | NA | 0·93 | NA | 0·95 |
| IL‐4/13 inhibitors | NA | 0·91 | NA | 0·92 | NA | 0·94 |
CI, confidence interval; IL, interleukin; NA, not applicable; TNF, tumour necrosis factor. Model 1: result of logistic regression after adjustment for age and sex. Model 2: result of logistic regression after adjustment for age, sex, residence, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure and chronic pulmonary disease. Model 3: result of logistic regression in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk‐do after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure and chronic pulmonary disease.