Table 3.
Table of assessment.
| Level | Target | Assay |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular level | ATP | Luminescent ATP detection assay kit; the O2 consumption rate (OCR); the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR); cell titer Glo luminescent reagent; luciferin–luciferase reaction; fluorescence probes |
| Free radicals | Specific fluorescent probes (DPPH, DCFH-DA, H2DCFDA, DHR, DCF); flow cytometry analysis; ESR; confocal microscope; spectrophotometry; chemiluminescence | |
| GSH | GSH assay kit; spectrophotometry | |
| SOD | Western blot; MitoSOX (specific fluorescent probe); immunoblotting | |
| LDH | LDH assay kit | |
| CCO | Spectrophotometer; Western blot; quantitative cytochrome oxidase (CCO); histochemistry | |
| MMP | Tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM); 123-rhodamine; flow cytometry analysis; rhodamine 800; JC-1/JC-10 | |
| mtDNA | Western blot; DNA polymerase γ; mtDNA single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSBP1); twinkle | |
| Mitochondrial complex | Spectrophotometer; immunohistochemistry; spectrophotometric enzyme assays; microplate assay kit; BN-PAGE | |
| Cellular level | Cell viability and cell morphology | CCK8; MTT; TUNEL assay; AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining; Co-IP; flow cytometry; immunofluorescence; Hoechst and rhodamin staining; Golgi staining; silver staining; Nissl's staining; virus-based neural tracer technology; LFB and Masson staining |
| Mitochondrial morphology | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM); Mito trackers; JC-1; DRP1 or MFN2 immunofluorescent imaging; immunofluorescent staining of TOM20/TIM23 | |
| Axons, dendrites and synapses | Immunofluorescence analysis; TEM; MAP-2 or β-tubulin staining; Golgi's staining; rhodamine-phalloidin; Nlgn1 or Nrxn3 staining | |
| Electrophysiological Feature | Whole-cell patch-clamp; brain slices patch-clamp; multichannel electrophysiological | |
| Organism level | Memory assessment | Y-maze test; Barnes; Morris water maze; visual water task; water maze reversal; NOL test; NOR test; long-term potentiation (LTP) |
| Locomotor assays | Open field test; pole test; beam hang test; catalepsy measurement; passive avoidance test; rotarod task; forced swimming test; gait analysis; balance beam test; climb test; curling; BBB scale | |
| Brain imaging | CT; FMRI; DTI |