Figure 3.

(A) Time-dependent uptake of PA@liposome and LPHNPs (1 μmol/L) in GL261 cells. (B) Viability curves of GL261 cells treated with PA, PQC NFs, PA@liposome and LPHNPs, with or without light irradiation. (C) Fluorescence colocalization of LPHNPs or PA@liposome (1 μmol/L) and mitochondria in GL261 cells. Cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson's R) for colocalization analysis and the mean fluorescence intensity in (C). (E) Fluorescence imaging of ROS in GL261 cells treated as indicated (0.5 μmol/L). Cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar = 50 μm. (F) JC-1 imaging for analysis of the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells that were treated as indicated. Cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342. Scale bar = 20 μm. (G) Corresponding quantitative analysis of red to green fluorescence intensity ratio of cells in (G). (H) Representative TEM images of GL261 cells that were treated as indicated (0.5 μmol/L). Scale bar: 2 μm (upper panel) and 0.2 μm (lower panel). Arrows: mitochondria. NL: without light irradiation, L: with light irradiation. Light treatment was performed at a power density of 30 mW/cm² (633-nm LED array) for 30 s. Values are mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed with t-test, ns., not significant; ∗∗P < 0.01; ∗∗∗P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001.