Table 4.
Glycemic variables, vitamin D, inflammation, and oxidative stress biomarkers before and after the intervention in T2DM patients
| Variables | AT + Vit D (n = 10) | AT (n = 10) | Vit D (n = 10) | C (n = 10) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin (μU/mL) | |||||
| Before | 7.87 ± 0.29 | 7.59 ± 0.56 | 6.89 ± 0.23 | 6.73 ± 0.33 | |
| After | 5.54 ± 0.11 | 5.73 ± 0.18 | 6.20 ± 0.26 | 6.97 ± 0.23 | |
| P† | 0.011* | 0.024* | 0.031* | 0.048* | |
| Δ | −2.33 ± 0.18 μ€β | −1.86 ± 0.38 €β | −0.69 ± 0.14 β | 0.24 ± 0.1 | 0.016 ¥ |
| FBG (mg/dl) | |||||
| Before | 169.76 ± 2.05 | 158.23 ± 2.41 | 150.18 ± 1.44 | 153.33 ± 2.54 | |
| After | 149.23 ± 1.67 | 146.14 ± 1.32 | 145.11 ± 2.23 | 157.39 ± 2.22 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.003* | |
| Δ | −20.53 ± 0.38 μ€β | − 12.09 ± 1.09 €β | − 5.07 ± 0.79 β | 4.06 ± 0.32 | 0.001 ¥ |
| HOMA-IR | |||||
| Before | 3.30 ± 0.16 | 2.97 ± 0.26 | 2.55 ± 0.19 | 2.55 ± 0.24 | |
| After | 2.04 ± 0.23 | 2.07 ± 0.12 | 2.22 ± 0.31 | 2.71 ± 0.15 | |
| P† | 0.011* | 0.019* | 0.027* | 0.047* | |
| Δ | −1.26 ± 0.07 μ€β | −0.90 ± 0.14 €β | −0.33 ± 0.12 β | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.026 ¥ |
| serum 25-OH-Vit D (ng/mL) | |||||
| Before | 22.22 ± 1.29 | 21.45 ± 2.57 | 23.17 ± 1.02 | 23.20 ± 3.41 | |
| After | 39.67 ± 0.84 | 28.26 ± 1.62 | 34.18 ± 1.24 | 22.70 ± 1.64 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.002* | 0.001* | 0.111 | |
| Δ | 17.45 ± 0.45 μ€β | 6.81 ± 0.95 €β | 11.01 ± 0.22 β | −0.50 ± 1.77 | 0.001 ¥ |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | |||||
| Before | 2.91 ± 0.15 | 2.78 ± 0.11 | 2.85 ± 0.10 | 2.81 ± 0.16 | |
| After | 2.36 ± 0.17 | 2.43 ± 0.10 | 2.60 ± 0.12 | 2.96 ± 0.22 | |
| P† | 0.011* | 0.027* | 0.039* | 0.045* | |
| Δ | −0.55 ± 0.02 μ€β | −0.35 ± 0.01 €β | − 0.25 ± 0.02 β | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.019 ¥ |
| Total nitrite (μmol/L) | |||||
| Before | 46.30 ± 2.09 | 48.08 ± 4.23 | 47.11 ± 2.21 | 47.50 ± 2.64 | |
| After | 62.60 ± 1.23 | 61.11 ± 2.03 | 54.16 ± 1.38 | 43.11 ± 1.25 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.001* | |
| Δ | 16.30 ± 0.86 μ€β | 13.03 ± 2.20 €β | 9.05 ± 0.83 β | −4.39 ± 1.39 | 0.001 ¥ |
| GSH (μmol/L) | |||||
| Before | 472.21 ± 19.08 | 478.23 ± 20.25 | 489.13 ± 28.23 | 492.23 ± 21.08 | |
| After | 580.26 ± 10.36 | 540.17 ± 11.45 | 525.34 ± 18.21 | 478.90 ± 8.19 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.015* | |
| Δ | 108.05 ± 8.72 μ€β | 61.94 ± 8.80 €β | 36.21 ± 10.02 β | −13.33 ± 12.89 | 0.001 ¥ |
| MDA (μmol/L) | |||||
| Before | 2.31 ± 0.03 | 2.15 ± 0.08 | 2.18 ± 0.08 | 2.11 ± 0.06 | |
| After | 1.89 ± 0.08 | 1.93 ± 0.05 | 2.04 ± 0.09 | 2.20 ± 0.03 | |
| P† | 0.002* | 0.023* | 0.032* | 0.047* | |
| Δ | −0.42 ± 0.05 μ€β | −0.22 ± 0.03 €β | −0.14 ± 0.901β | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.021 ¥ |
| TAC (mmol/L) | |||||
| Before | 910.80 ± 32.68 | 886.15 ± 19.23 | 890.33 ± 24.43 | 906.20 ± 27.13 | |
| After | 981.53 ± 21.46 | 936.36 ± 12.34 | 919.65 ± 14.06 | 887.12 ± 11.38 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.017* | 0.036* | |
| Δ | 70.73 ± 11.22 μ€β | 50.21 ± 6.89 €β | 29.32 ± 10.37 β | −19.08 ± 15.75 | 0.001 ¥ |
| Glycated albumin (%) | |||||
| Before | 23.11 ± 1.08 | 22.10 ± 2.03 | 21.17 ± 2.13 | 22.43 ± 1.87 | |
| After | 18.12 ± 2.26 | 19.56 ± 1.34 | 20.08 ± 1.16 | 22.85 ± 0.74 | |
| P† | 0.014* | 0.029* | 0.037* | 0.043* | |
| Δ | −4.99 ± 1.18 μ€β | −2.54 ± 0.69 €β | −1.09 ± 0.97 β | 0.42 ± 1.13 | 0.015 ¥ |
| Urinary 8-OHdG (ng/mg creatinine) | |||||
| Before | 13.22 ± 1.17 | 12.50 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 1.33 | 12.15 ± 0.36 | |
| After | 9.95 ± 0.67 | 11.14 ± 1.14 | 11.63 ± 1.09 | 12.45 ± 0.63 | |
| P† | 0.019* | 0.021* | 0.032* | 0.046* | |
| Δ | −3.27 ± 0.50 μ€β | −1.36 ± 0.56 €β | −0.70 ± 0.24 β | 0.40 ± 0.27 | 0.018 ¥ |
| CAT (U/mL) | |||||
| Before | 82.13 ± 2.14 | 83.14 ± 3.17 | 84.23 ± 2.31 | 83.55 ± 1.30 | |
| After | 93.95 ± 3.67 | 89.16 ± 2.04 | 88.22 ± 1.36 | 81.64 ± 2.23 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.012* | 0.038* | |
| Δ | 11.82 ± 1.53 μ€β | 6.02 ± 1.13 €β | 3.99 ± 0.95 β | −2.91 ± 0.93 | 0.001 ¥ |
| SOD (U/mL) | |||||
| Before | 11.23 ± 0.97 | 11.39 ± 0.87 | 11.55 ± 0.18 | 11.45 ± 0.54 | |
| After | 13.95 ± 1.07 | 13.14 ± 0.75 | 12.84 ± 0.32 | 10.40 ± 0.40 | |
| P† | 0.016* | 0.023* | 0.036* | 0.041* | |
| Δ | 2.72 ± 0.10 μ€β | 1.75 ± 0.12 €β | 1.29 ± 0.14 β | −1.05 ± 0.15 | 0.021 ¥ |
| GPX (mu/ml) | |||||
| Before | 176.23 ± 6.23 | 181.11 ± 7.05 | 178.22 ± 4.08 | 180.19 ± 3.29 | |
| After | 194.14 ± 4.27 | 191.24 ± 2.34 | 186.12 ± 2.24 | 177.11 ± 2.24 | |
| P† | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.021* | |
| Δ | 17.91 ± 1.96 μ€β | 10.13 ± 4.71 €β | 7.90 ± 1.84 β | −3.08 ± 1.05 | 0.001 ¥ |
AT + Vit D Aerobic training + Vitamin D supplement, AT Aerobic training group, Vit D Vitamin D supplement group, C the control group
Results from analysis of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey’s test, and paired sample t-test
P†: indicating the results of paired sample t-test
*: Significant within-group differences between pre and post
¥: Significant within-group differences in Δ
β: Significant differences with C
μ: Significant differences with AT
€: Significant differences with Vit D