Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Intervention (n=10) | Control (n=10) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 51±5 | 55±9 |
| Height (cm) | 165±6 | 168±5 |
| Weight (kg) | 71±14 | 75±15 |
| Medical treatments | ||
| Type of breast surgery | ||
| Mastectomy (% received) | 90 | 70 |
| Tumorectomy (% received) | 10 | 30 |
| Type of axillary surgery | ||
| Axillary lymph node dissection (% received) | 40 | 20 |
| Sentinel node biopsy (% received) | 50 | 80 |
| Unknown (% received) | 10 | 0 |
| Type of adjuvant treatment | ||
| Radiotherapy (% received) | 70 | 70 |
| Chemotherapy (% received) | 40 | 60 |
| Immunotherapy (% received) | 30 | 30 |
| Hormone therapy (% received) | 100 | 60 |
| Pulmonary function | ||
| FVC, L (% predicted) | 3.7±0.5 (105±12) | 3.5±0.6 (101±14) |
| FEV1, L (% predicted) | 2.9±0.4 (103±12) | 2.8±0.7 (100±18) |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 78.8±6.7 | 78.7±6.6 |
| RV, L (% predicted) | 1.9±0.2 (107±12) | 2.3±0.3 (121±20) |
| FRC, L (% predicted) | 3.1±0.4 (112±15) | 3.2±0.5 (114±15) |
| TLC, L (% predicted) | 5.7±0.6 (111±10) | 5.9±0.7 (112±13) |
| TLco, mmol/min/kPa (% predicted) | 6.3±0.9 (82±11) | 6.4±0.8 (86±11) |
| Respiratory muscle function | ||
| PImax, cmH2O (% predicted) | −74±11 (69±10) | −91±15 (91±15) |
| PEmax, cmH2O (% predicted) | 139±27 (77±15) | 145±26 (85±14) |
| Endurance breathing time (s) | 209±79 | 266±126 |
| External resistance (% PImax) | 62±10 | 61±7 |
| Symptoms of dyspnea | ||
| BDI, 0-12 | 8.4±2.4 | 8.6±1.9 |
| MDP, 0-10 | 6.7±1.8 | 6.4±2.9 |
| mMRC, 0-4 | 0.8±0.4 | 1.0±0.7 |
| Exercise capacity | ||
| Maximal exercise capacity | ||
| V̇o2max, L/min (% predicted) | 2.0±0.4 (91±19) | 2.0±0.4 (97±27) |
| Load (W) | 123±28 | 118±30 |
| Maximal heart rate, 1/min (% predicted) | 158±13 (93±6) | 151±17 (94±11) |
| Constant work rate cycling | ||
| Duration, min | 7.0±3.3 | 6.2±4.5 |
| Load, W (% peak work rate) | 98±20 (80±4) | 94±22 (80±2) |
| Functional capacity | ||
| 6MWD, m (% predicted) | 557±92 (84±14) | 553±105 (86±18) |
| Peripheral muscle strength | ||
| Handgrip strength, N (% predicted) | 255±53 (94±19) | 248±29 (102±21) |
NOTE. Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FRC, functional residual capacity; FVC, forced vital capacity; MDP, multidimensional dyspnea profile; mMRC Modified Medical Research Council Scale; PEmax, maximal expiratory pressure; % PImax, percentage of the mean inspiratory load relative to the PImax; % predicted, percentage of the predicted normal value; RV, residual volume; 6MWD, 6-minute walking distance; TLC, total lung capacity; TLco, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; VC, vital capacity; V̇o2max, maximal oxygen uptake.