Table 2.

Model performance of LightGBM.

Parameter	Training set	Validation set	10-fold cross-validation (mean ± SD)
Mean absolute error	0.220	0.278	0.303 ± 0.053
Mean squared error	0.092	0.139	0.178 ± 0.078
Root mean squared error	0.303	0.373	0.412 ± 0.086
R2	0.935	0.904	0.871 ± 0.061