Supplementary Table S1.

Treatments Excluded in this Study (Except for Antibiotics/Antiseptics)

Treatments	MoA	Clinical Efficacies (Compared with Those of Placebo)	Reasons for Exclusion
Bleach bath (0.005% hypochlorite) (Wong et al., 2013)	Unclear (inhibiting NF-κB?)	Decreased S. aureus levels and improved EASI score	Unclear MoA; 0.005% hypochlorite inhibited NF-κB signaling in human keratinocytes but was not antimicrobial against S. aureus.
Vitreoscilla filiformis Lysate (Gueniche et al., 2008)	Unclear (anti-inflammatory?)	Decreased S. aureus levels and improved SCORAD	Unclear MoA: target molecules are unknown
Staphefekt (bacteriophage lysin) (de Wit et al., 2019)	Killing S. aureus	Failed to decrease S. aureus levels and EASI score compared with placebo	Failed to decrease S. aureus levels compared with placebo control
Roseomonas mucosa(Myles et al., 2018)	Producing sphingolipid	Not a placebo-controlled study	Not a placebo-controlled study
Autologous CoNS (Nakatsuji et al., 2021b)	Killing S. aureus by bacteriocins	Decreased S. aureus levels and improved EASI score	The number of subjects (5‒6 subjects/arm) was too small
SRD441 (protease inhibitor) (Foelster et al., 2010)	Inhibiting Staphylococcal-derived aureolysin and matrix metalloproteinases	Slightly improved SCORAD without statistical significance. S. aureus levels were not reported	Not reported S. aureus levels

Abbreviations: CoNS, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; EASI, Eczema Area and Severity Index; MoA, mechanism of action; SCORAD, scoring atopic dermatitis.