Table 2.

Determinants of self-efficacy based on SCT of behavior change mapped to LLWS SMART Coaching tools

Determinant to self-efficacy	LLWS SMART Coaching tool
Mastery experiences	Creating SMART goals to facilitate achieving goals and creating mastery. Addresses barriers to exercise in a way that is positive and patient-centered.
Social modeling	PT models exercise.
Social persuasion	Provides examples of SMART goals with same-aged peers; PT provides corrective feedback to dispel myths about exercise with older adults.
Reducing negative physiological and psychological states and increasing positive physiological and psychological states	Focuses on exercise goals that elicit positive affect, such as enjoyment, purpose, and pleasure. Problem solves internal barriers, such as anxiety, fear, and low motivation that might decrease self-efficacy for exercise. Provides expert feedback on healthy and unhealthy physiological states when exercising (eg, normal soreness vs pain). Tailor exercises to medical conditions to reduce any untoward discomfort during exercise.