. 2022 Mar 4;4(2):100189. doi: 10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100189

Table 6.

Interventions, efficacy, and risk of bias score (as determine by way of PEDro assessment) or risk of bias judgment (as determined by way of ROBINS-I) for clinical exercise and rehabilitation interventions of included studies

Author	Form of Exercise Intervention	Outcome Measures	P Value or Δ Mean (95% CI)	PEDro Score	ROBINS-I Judgment
Bathen et al⁴²	2.5 wk inpatient and 8 wk 5 × /wk multidisciplinary rehabilitation program combining physical therapy (ie, strength training, aquatic exercise, endurance training, pain management) and cognitive behavioral therapy (ie, focusing on functioning with a diagnosis, increased awareness of the importance of prioritizing activity, and living with pain).	COPM performance COPM satisfaction Tandem walking backwards Stair walking up Stair walking down Up on toes TSK-13 NPRS	.008 .005 .006 .004 .065 .045 .022 .213	NA	Critical
Toprak et al²⁴	IG: 8 wk, 3 × /wk, lumbar spinal stabilization exercise program CG: no lumbar spinal stabilization exercise program	VAS (pain intensity) SMEO stability index SMEC stability index DMEO stability index DMEC stability index FLEX EXT LATr LATl	.022 .884 .447 .036 .070 <.001 .003 .001 <.001	7	NA
Daman et al²²	IG: 4 wk, 3d/wk, received combined exercise therapy of closed kinetic chain exercises and proprioception exercises CG: no combined exercise therapy	Goniometer, angle error (weight-bearing) Goniometer, angle error (nonweight-bearing) VAS (pain intensity) SF-36 (physical functioning) SF-36 (mental health)	.030 .009 <.001 <.010 .420	8	NA
Ferrell et al²¹	8 wk, 3 × /wk, progressive closed kinetic chain exercises	Threshold angle Balance board Isokinetic dynamometer (average strength, quadricep) Isokinetic dynamometer (peak strength, quadricep) Isokinetic dynamometer (average strength, hamstring) Isokinetic dynamometer (peak strength, hamstring) VAS (musculoskeletal pain) SF-36 (physical functioning) SF-36 (mental health)	<.001 <.001 <.001 .030 .007 .002 .003 .029 .008	NA	Critical
Hakimi et al⁴³	4 wk, 2 × /wk, multidisciplinary rehabilitation program (ie, balneotherapy, ergometer exercises, occupational therapy, physical activity, physiotherapy, walking, proprioception exercises, sophrology, yoga exercises) and therapeutic patient education workshops led by several professionals (ie, dieticians, physiotherapists, doctors, psychologists) Rest 1 wk. Followed by 4 wk 3 × /wk continuation of program and workshops	6MWT TSK MFI-20 (general) MFI-20 (physical) MFI-20 (mental) MFI-20 (reduced activity) MFI-20 (reduced motivation) BPI (pain at its least) BPI (pain at its worst) BPI (pain on the average) BPI (pain right now) BPI (pain interference) SF-36 (physical functioning) SF-36 (mental health)	.001 .033 NS (not available) NS (not available) NS (not available) .010 NS (not available) NS (not available) .230 NS (not available) NS (not available) NS (not available) NS (not available) .022	NA	Critical
Liaghat et al⁴⁰	16 wk 3 × /wk heavy shoulder strengthening exercise program targeting scapular and rotator cuff muscles	Shoulder stability Average pain intensity WOSI total score NPRS (lowest in past 7 d) NPRS (highest in past 7 d) NPRS (average in past 7 d) CIS, fatigue subscale COOP/WONCA TSK Global perceived effect EQ-5D-3L (index score) EQ-5D-3L (EQ-VAS) Internal rotation passive Internal rotation active External rotation passive External rotation active Isometric scaption Isometric internal rotation Isometric external rotation Isometric external/internal rotation ratio Angle error (low range) Angle error (midrange) Angle error (high range)	−528 (−738 to −318) −2.4 (−3.7 to −1.2) −538 (−738 to −318) −0.9 (−1.7 to −0.2) −2.5 (−3.8 to −1.2) −2.4 (−3.7 to −1.2) −9 (−16 to −2) −1.2 (−4.5 to 2.1) −3.3 (−5.7 to −0.8) Not available 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.09) 7 (−7 to 21) −8.9 (−18.8 to 0.9) −3.5 (−12.4 to 5.3) −0.1 (−13.3 to 13.2) 1.9 (−9.3 to 13.1) 0.51 (0.23 to 0.78) 1.32 (0.70 to 1.95) 0.89 (0.37 to 1.40) −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.05) −1.2 (−2.4 to 0.0) −0.9 (−2.2 to 0.3) 0.6 (−2.0 to 3.2)	NA	Critical
Palmer et al³⁸	IG: 1 × advice intervention session with physiotherapist supplemented by advice booklets and 4-mo composed of 6 physiotherapy sessions CG: 1 × advice intervention session with physiotherapist supplemented by advice booklets	MDHAQ (function) MDHAQ (pain) MDHAQ (global) MDHAQ (RADAI) MDHAQ (fatigue) BRAF (average fatigue) BRAF (effect of fatigue) BRAF (coping with fatigue) VAS (most affected joints at rest) VAS (most affected joints on movement) VAS (all joints at rest) VAS (all joints on movement) 18-item Exercise Self-efficacy	0.52 (−0.69 to 1.74) −0.81 (−4.47 to 2.85) −0.78 (−4.54 to 2.97) 3.01 (−3.83 to 9.84) −0.04 (−4.15 to 4.07) −0.65 (−4.31 to 3.01) −1.68 (−6.61 to 3.26) −2.49 (−5.84 to 0.86) 5.90 (−30.88 to 42.68) 6.64 (−29.98 to 43.26) −18.37 (−51.57 to 14.84) −14.34 (−49.21 to 20.52) 7.03 (−18.59 to 32.65)	5	NA
Reychler et al⁴¹	IG: 6 wk 5 × /wk unsupervised sessions of inspiratory muscle training CG: no inspiratory muscle training	SNIP Forced expiratory vital capacity Forced expiratory volume in 1 s 6MWT HADS-Anxiety HADS-Depression	<.001 .237 .009 .003 .830 .408	7	NA
Sahin et al²³	IG: 8 wk 3 × /wk proprioceptive exercise program CG: no proprioceptive exercise program	Isokinetic dynamometer, angle error (right extremity) Isokinetic dynamometer, angle error (left extremity) VAS (during movement) VAS (resting) AIMS-2 (physical) AIMS-2 (emotional) AIMS-2 (symptoms) AIMS-2 (social) AIMS-2 (occupational)	.001 .001 .010 .027 .358 .596 .206 .917 .006	6	NA
To and Alexander³⁹	IG: 16 wk 3 × /wk individualized leg exercises CG.a & CG.b: 16 wk 3 × /wk individualized leg exercises	VAS HAP Lysholm scale Concentric torque Eccentric torque	<.010 <.010 <.010 .310 .150	NA	Moderate

Abbreviations: BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; BRAF, Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue; CG, control group; CG.a, control group with generalized joint hypermobility (ie, joint flexibility without multiple site symptoms experience in those with HSD); CG.b, control group without generalized joint hypermobility; CIS, Checklist of Individual Strength; COOP, Dartmouth Primary Care Cooperative Research Network; COPM, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; DMEC, dynamic mode eyes closed; DMEO, dynamic mode eyes open; EQ-5D-3L, European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3-Level Scale; EQ-VAS, European Quality of Life visual analog scale; EXT, back extensor musculature; FLEX, trunk flexor musculature; HAP, Human Activity Profile; IG, intervention group; LATl, left lateral trunk musculature; LATr, right lateral trunk musculature; MDHAQ, Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire; MFI, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; NA, not applicable; NPRS, Numerical Pain Rating Scale; NS, not significant; RADAI, Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index; SMEC, static mode eyes closed; SMEO, static mode eyes open; SNIP, Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure; TSK-13, 13-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; WONCA, World Organization of National Colleges Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians; WOSI, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.