Table 2.
Study characteristics of cognitive assessment and score (n=67)
Year | Author | Mean age of individuals with AD | Mean age of controls | No. of cognitively impaired subjects | Measure | Mean cognitive score | |||
MCI | AD | Controls | MCI | AD | |||||
2001 | Parisi45 | 70.4 | – | – | 17 | MMSE | 23 | – | 16.4 |
2006 | Iseri46 | 70.1 | 65.1 | – | 14 | MMSE | 29.4 | – | 18.5 |
2011 | Kesler47 | 73.7 | 70.9 | 24 | 30 | MMSE | – | 28.1 | 23.6 |
2013 | Kirbas48 | 69.3 | 68.9 | – | 40 | MMSE | 28.7 | – | 21.2 |
2013 | Shen37 | – | 74.1 | 18* | – | MMSE | At 25 months:27.7 | At 25 months: 24.6 | – |
2014 | Ascaso49 | 72.1 | 72.9 | 21 | 18 | MMSE | 28.8 | – | 19.3 |
2014 | Gharbiya50 | 73.1 | 70.3 | – | 21 | MMSE | 28.2 | – | 22.2 |
2014 | Polo51 | 74.2 | 74.0 | – | 70 | MMSE | – | – | 16.0 |
2015 | Bambo1 | 74.0 | 76.4 | – | 56 | MMSE | – | – | 16.6 |
2015 | Bayhan52 | 75.8 | 74.9 | – | 31 | MMSE | 29.3 | – | 17.4 |
2015 | Feke19 | 74.3 | 69.1 | 21 | 10 | CDR | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 or 2.0 |
2015 | Gao53 | 74.7 | 72.1 | 26 | 25 | MMSE | 28.6 | 25.8 | 19.2 |
2015 | Gunes54 | 75.0 | 74.2 | – | 40 | MMSE | – | – | 21.9 |
2015 | Jentsch21 | 77.2 | – | – | 16 | MMSE | – | – | 24.0 |
2015 | Oktem55 | 75.4 | 70.2 | 35 | 35 | MMSE | 29.0 | 28.0 | 18.0 |
2015 | Salobrar-Garcia56 | 79.3 | 72.3 | – | 23 | MMSE | 28.2 | – | 23.3 |
2015 | Shi57 | – | 74.1 | 18* | – | MMSE | At baseline: 28.0 | At baseline: 27.0 | – |
At 25 months: 28.0 | At 25 months: 24.0 | ||||||||
2016 | Choi42 | 76.8 | 73.8 | 26 | 42 | MMSE | – | 23.1 | 14.1 |
2016 | Cunha26 | 74.8 | 72.3 | – | 24 | MMSE | 29.1 | – | 17.0 |
2016 | Garcia-Martin58 | 75.3 | 74.8 | – | 150 | MMSE | 29.8 | – | 18.4 |
2016 | Knoll59 | – | 74.0 | 17 | – | MMSE | 29.0 | 27.0 | – |
2016 | Pillai60 | 65.8 | 65.1 | 21 | 214,† | MoCA | 26.6 | 21.2 | 16.0 |
2016 | Trebbastoni27 | 72.0 | 71.7 | – | 36 | MMSE | At baseline: 28.6 | – | At baseline: 22.7 |
At 12 months: 28.5 | At 12 months:17.9 | ||||||||
2017 | Ferrari61 | 71.3 | 68.3 | 29.0 | 37‡ | MMSE | – | 26.6 | 16.6 |
2017 | Mendez-Gomez38 | – | N/A | – | – | MMSE | 27.8 | – | – |
2018 | Bulut6 | 74.2 | 72.6 | – | 26 | MMSE | 26.8 | – | 16.9 |
2018 | Jiang62 | 73.3 | 67.6 | 19 | 12 | MMSE | 29.5 | 25.7 | 19.9 |
2018 | Lahme63 | 68.0 | 66.1 | – | 36 | MMSE | – | – | 22.3 |
2018 | Shao64 | 74.0 | 68.0 | 24 | 25 | MMSE | 29.0 | 28.0 | 22.0 |
2018 | Uchida65 | 65.3 | 65.1 | 22 | 24† | MoCA | 26.6 | 20.9 | 14.7 |
2019 | Almeida | – | 64.6 | 23 | – | MMSE | – | 27.9 | – |
2019 | Cipollini66 | 74.0 | 70.0 | – | 25 | MMSE | 29.2 | – | 24.2 |
2019 | Haan22 | 65.0 | 67.9 | – | 57 | MMSE | 29.0 | – | 22.0 |
2019 | Haan67 | 65.4 | 60.6 | – | 48 | MMSE | 29.0 | – | 23.0 |
2019 | Kim68 | 74.2 | 73.6 | 14 | 16 | MMSE | – | 24.2 | 12.1 |
2019 | Salobrar-Garcia28 | – | – | – | 50 | MMSE | 28.6 | 19.9 | |
2019 | Tao29 | 71.4 | 68.9 | 51 | 73 | MMSE | 28.7 | 28.3 | 19.7 |
2019 | Yoon23 | 72.8 | 69.2 | 37 | 39 | MMSE | 29.2 | 22.6 | 20.1 |
2019 | Zhang69 | 73.0 | 73.6 | 13 | 3 | MoCA | 27.1 | – | 20.3 |
2020 | Ashimatey70 | – | 68.4 | – | 15§ | MoCA | 23.0 | – | 20.0 |
2020 | Chua71 | 74.9 | 76.7 | 37 | 24 | MMSE | 24.8 | 23.9 | 20.3 |
2020 | Criscuolo33 | – | 73.1 | 54 | – | MMSE | 28.0 | 26.5 | – |
2020 | Jindahra72 | 75.6 | 75.8 | 29 | 29 | MoCA | 26.6 | – | 14.5 |
2020 | Jorge73 | 65.3 | 66.3 | – | 20 | MoCA | 24.9 | – | 14.4 |
2020 | Karakahya40 | 76.8 | 77.2 | – | 13 | MMSE | 28.2 | – | 21.0 |
2020 | Lemmens74 | 71.9 | 68.6 | – | 17 | MMSE | 29.3 | – | 17.6 |
2020 | Mammadova24 | – | N/A | N/A | N/A | MMSE | 29.2 | – | – |
2020 | Marquie41 | – | 65.8 | 15 | – | MMSE | At follow-up: 29.3¶ | At follow-up: 28.3 | – |
2020 | Mavilio75 | 71.2 | 69.1 | 16 | 17 | MMSE | 27.1 | 25.1 | 24.8 |
2020 | Sanchez31 | 79.0 | 66.0 | 192 | 324 | MMSE | 29.3 | 25.1 | 20.3 |
2020 | Santangelo34 | 70.9 | 69.4 | 37 | 43 | MMSE | – | 24.9 | 19.0 |
2020 | Salobrar-Garcia76 | – | – | – | 17 | MMSE | 30.0 | – | 26.0 |
2020 | Sen77 | 61.5 | 60.9 | – | 40 | MMSE | 28.0 | – | 17.5 |
2020 | Uchida78 | 64.7 | 65.1 | – | 14 | MoCA WMS-IV HVLT-R PVF SVF | 27.0 30.5 23.5 40.0 21.0 | - - - - - | 15.5 14.0 12.0 26.0 8.0 |
2020 | Van De Kreeke32 | 91.9** | 70.4/92.4†† | – | 23** | MMSE | 29.0†† | – | 24.0 |
2020 | Wu79 | 69.9 | 69.0 | 21 | 19 | MMSE | 27.1 | 24.8 | 19.7 |
2021 | Biscetti80 | 72.1 | 73.6 | 24‡‡ | – | MMSE | 28.9 | 25.9 | – |
2021 | Janez-Carcia30 | 79.2 | 75.7 | – | 19 | MMSE | 28.38 | – | 23.4 |
2021 | Li81 | 83.1 | 79.7 | – | 37 | MMSE ADAS-cog CDR | 29.1 3.0 0 | - - - | 7.9 48.4 2.54 |
2021 | Mei82 | 73.8 | 74.3 | – | 19 | MMSE | 28.1 | – | 12.8 |
2021 | Robbins83 | 62.4 | 68.1 | – | 15 | MMSE | 29.3 | – | 19.36/21.6§§ |
2021 | Robbins84 | 72.8 | 69.2 | 74 | 67 | MMSE | 29.0 | 24.5 | 19.8 |
2021 | Wang85 | 71.8 | 69.5 | 47 | 62 | MMSE CDR | 28.7 0.03 | 28.0 0.5 | 19.9 1.3 |
2021 | Wong86 | 64.9¶¶ | 64.5 | 11 | – | MoCA | 26.9 | 22.8 | – |
2021 | Zabel87 | 74.4 | 71.4 | – | 31 | MMSE | 29 | – | 20.5 |
2021 | Zhao88 | 70.2 | 66.6 | 23 | 17 | MMSE MoCA ADAS-cog | 28.8 24.9 14.2 | 26.9 20.6 18.0 | 21.2 15.7 31.9 |
2022 | Monotorio89 | – | 72.7 | 54 | – | MMSE | 28.4 | 26.5 | – |
*Converted from normal cognition to MCI or MCI to dementia.
†non-AD dementia.
‡Frontotemporal dementia.
§Cognitively abnormal.
¶Subjective cognitive decline, no baseline data available.
**Cognitively impaired nonagenerians.
††Two control groups, one for 65+ and the other for 90+.
‡‡Both MCI and AD were included.
§§MMSE scores for early onset AD and late-onset AD.
¶¶Reported mean for both control groups.
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AFT, Animal Fluency Test; CDR, clinical dementia rating; CFT, Complex Figure Test; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PVF, phonemic verbal fluency; SCWT, Stroop Colour Word Test; SVF, Semantic verbal fluency; TMT, Trail Making Test; WMS-IV, Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition.