Table 2.

Study characteristics of cognitive assessment and score (n=67)

Year	Author	Mean age of individuals with AD	Mean age of controls	No. of cognitively impaired subjects		Measure	Mean cognitive score
				MCI	AD		Controls	MCI	AD
2001	Parisi45	70.4	–	–	17	MMSE	23	–	16.4
2006	Iseri46	70.1	65.1	–	14	MMSE	29.4	–	18.5
2011	Kesler47	73.7	70.9	24	30	MMSE	–	28.1	23.6
2013	Kirbas48	69.3	68.9	–	40	MMSE	28.7	–	21.2
2013	Shen37	–	74.1	18*	–	MMSE	At 25 months:27.7	At 25 months: 24.6	–
2014	Ascaso49	72.1	72.9	21	18	MMSE	28.8	–	19.3
2014	Gharbiya50	73.1	70.3	–	21	MMSE	28.2	–	22.2
2014	Polo51	74.2	74.0	–	70	MMSE	–	–	16.0
2015	Bambo1	74.0	76.4	–	56	MMSE	–	–	16.6
2015	Bayhan52	75.8	74.9	–	31	MMSE	29.3	–	17.4
2015	Feke19	74.3	69.1	21	10	CDR	0.0	0.5	1.0 or 2.0
2015	Gao53	74.7	72.1	26	25	MMSE	28.6	25.8	19.2
2015	Gunes54	75.0	74.2	–	40	MMSE	–	–	21.9
2015	Jentsch21	77.2	–	–	16	MMSE	–	–	24.0
2015	Oktem55	75.4	70.2	35	35	MMSE	29.0	28.0	18.0
2015	Salobrar-Garcia56	79.3	72.3	–	23	MMSE	28.2	–	23.3
2015	Shi57	–	74.1	18*	–	MMSE	At baseline: 28.0	At baseline: 27.0	–
							At 25 months: 28.0	At 25 months: 24.0
2016	Choi42	76.8	73.8	26	42	MMSE	–	23.1	14.1
2016	Cunha26	74.8	72.3	–	24	MMSE	29.1	–	17.0
2016	Garcia-Martin58	75.3	74.8	–	150	MMSE	29.8	–	18.4
2016	Knoll59	–	74.0	17	–	MMSE	29.0	27.0	–
2016	Pillai60	65.8	65.1	21	214,†	MoCA	26.6	21.2	16.0
2016	Trebbastoni27	72.0	71.7	–	36	MMSE	At baseline: 28.6	–	At baseline: 22.7
							At 12 months: 28.5		At 12 months:17.9
2017	Ferrari61	71.3	68.3	29.0	37‡	MMSE	–	26.6	16.6
2017	Mendez-Gomez38	–	N/A	–	–	MMSE	27.8	–	–
2018	Bulut6	74.2	72.6	–	26	MMSE	26.8	–	16.9
2018	Jiang62	73.3	67.6	19	12	MMSE	29.5	25.7	19.9
2018	Lahme63	68.0	66.1	–	36	MMSE	–	–	22.3
2018	Shao64	74.0	68.0	24	25	MMSE	29.0	28.0	22.0
2018	Uchida65	65.3	65.1	22	24†	MoCA	26.6	20.9	14.7
2019	Almeida	–	64.6	23	–	MMSE	–	27.9	–
2019	Cipollini66	74.0	70.0	–	25	MMSE	29.2	–	24.2
2019	Haan22	65.0	67.9	–	57	MMSE	29.0	–	22.0
2019	Haan67	65.4	60.6	–	48	MMSE	29.0	–	23.0
2019	Kim68	74.2	73.6	14	16	MMSE	–	24.2	12.1
2019	Salobrar-Garcia28	–	–	–	50	MMSE	28.6		19.9
2019	Tao29	71.4	68.9	51	73	MMSE	28.7	28.3	19.7
2019	Yoon23	72.8	69.2	37	39	MMSE	29.2	22.6	20.1
2019	Zhang69	73.0	73.6	13	3	MoCA	27.1	–	20.3
2020	Ashimatey70	–	68.4	–	15§	MoCA	23.0	–	20.0
2020	Chua71	74.9	76.7	37	24	MMSE	24.8	23.9	20.3
2020	Criscuolo33	–	73.1	54	–	MMSE	28.0	26.5	–
2020	Jindahra72	75.6	75.8	29	29	MoCA	26.6	–	14.5
2020	Jorge73	65.3	66.3	–	20	MoCA	24.9	–	14.4
2020	Karakahya40	76.8	77.2	–	13	MMSE	28.2	–	21.0
2020	Lemmens74	71.9	68.6	–	17	MMSE	29.3	–	17.6
2020	Mammadova24	–	N/A	N/A	N/A	MMSE	29.2	–	–
2020	Marquie41	–	65.8	15	–	MMSE	At follow-up: 29.3¶	At follow-up: 28.3	–
2020	Mavilio75	71.2	69.1	16	17	MMSE	27.1	25.1	24.8
2020	Sanchez31	79.0	66.0	192	324	MMSE	29.3	25.1	20.3
2020	Santangelo34	70.9	69.4	37	43	MMSE	–	24.9	19.0
2020	Salobrar-Garcia76	–	–	–	17	MMSE	30.0	–	26.0
2020	Sen77	61.5	60.9	–	40	MMSE	28.0	–	17.5
2020	Uchida78	64.7	65.1	–	14	MoCA WMS-IV HVLT-R PVF SVF	27.0 30.5 23.5 40.0 21.0	- - - - -	15.5 14.0 12.0 26.0 8.0
2020	Van De Kreeke32	91.9**	70.4/92.4††	–	23**	MMSE	29.0††	–	24.0
2020	Wu79	69.9	69.0	21	19	MMSE	27.1	24.8	19.7
2021	Biscetti80	72.1	73.6	24‡‡	–	MMSE	28.9	25.9	–
2021	Janez-Carcia30	79.2	75.7	–	19	MMSE	28.38	–	23.4
2021	Li81	83.1	79.7	–	37	MMSE ADAS-cog CDR	29.1 3.0 0	- - -	7.9 48.4 2.54
2021	Mei82	73.8	74.3	–	19	MMSE	28.1	–	12.8
2021	Robbins83	62.4	68.1	–	15	MMSE	29.3	–	19.36/21.6§§
2021	Robbins84	72.8	69.2	74	67	MMSE	29.0	24.5	19.8
2021	Wang85	71.8	69.5	47	62	MMSE CDR	28.7 0.03	28.0 0.5	19.9 1.3
2021	Wong86	64.9¶¶	64.5	11	–	MoCA	26.9	22.8	–
2021	Zabel87	74.4	71.4	–	31	MMSE	29	–	20.5
2021	Zhao88	70.2	66.6	23	17	MMSE MoCA ADAS-cog	28.8 24.9 14.2	26.9 20.6 18.0	21.2 15.7 31.9
2022	Monotorio89	–	72.7	54	–	MMSE	28.4	26.5	–

*Converted from normal cognition to MCI or MCI to dementia.

†non-AD dementia.

‡Frontotemporal dementia.

§Cognitively abnormal.

¶Subjective cognitive decline, no baseline data available.

**Cognitively impaired nonagenerians.

††Two control groups, one for 65+ and the other for 90+.

‡‡Both MCI and AD were included.

§§MMSE scores for early onset AD and late-onset AD.

¶¶Reported mean for both control groups.

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AFT, Animal Fluency Test; CDR, clinical dementia rating; CFT, Complex Figure Test; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PVF, phonemic verbal fluency; SCWT, Stroop Colour Word Test; SVF, Semantic verbal fluency; TMT, Trail Making Test; WMS-IV, Wechsler Memory Scale-Fourth Edition.