Table 3.

Associations between diagnosed dementia status (eg, AD) and retinal markers

Year	Author	Method	Areas of retina measured
			RNFL	mRNFL	pRNFL	GCC	GC-IPL	MT	CT	VD	FAZ	Other
2001	Paris45	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2006	Iseri46	OCT		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	*
2011	Kesler47	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2013	Kirbas48	SD-OCT		–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2013	Shen37	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2014	Ascaso49	OCT		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–
2014	Gharbiya50	SD-OCT	–	–		–	–	–		–	–	†
2014	Polo51	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2015	Bambo	OCT	–	–	?	–	–	–	–	–	–	‡
2015	Bayhan52	SD-OCT	–	–	–		–	–		–	–	–
2015	Feke19	Laser Doppler/OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	§
2015	Gao53	OCT	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2015	Gunes54	SD-OCT	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2015	Jentsch21	OCT / FLIO	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	?¶
2015	Oktem55	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2015	Salobrar-Garcia56	OCT	–	?		–	–	–	–	–	–	*, **
2015	Shi57	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2016	Choi42	OCT	–	–		–	?	?	–	–	–	–
2016	Cunha26	OCT	–						–	–	–	††
2016	Garcia-Martin58	OCT		–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
2016	Knoll59	SD-OCT	–	–	?	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2016	Pillai60	SD-OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2016	Trebbastoni27	SD-OCT	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2017	Ferrari61	OCT	–	–		–	AD MCI	–	–	–	–	–
2017	Mendez-Gomez38	SD-OCT	–	–	?	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2018	Bulut6	OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–				‡‡,§§
2018	Jiang62	OCTA / OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?¶¶
2018	Lahme63	OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	***
2018	Shao64	SD-OCT		–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
2018	Uchida65	OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	†††
2019	Almeida13	SS-OCT	–					?	–	–	–	–
2019	Cipollini66	SD-OCT	–	–			–		–	–	–	–
2019	Haan22	SD-OCT	–	–		–	–		–	–	–	–
2019	Haan67	SD-OCT / OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–				–
2019	Kim68	OCT	?	–	–	–	?		–	–	–	–
2019	Salobrar-Garcia28	OCT	–	–		–	–		–	–	–	–
2019	Tao29	OCT	–	–			–	–	–	–	–	–
2019	Yoon23	OCTA / SD-OCT		–	–	–		–	–	?		‡‡‡ ?§§§
2019	Zhang69	OCT / OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?	–	–
2020	Ashimatey70	OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–
2020	Chua71	OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–	–			–
2020	Criscuolo33	SD-OCT / OCTA		–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
2020	Jindahra65	OCT		–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
2020	Jorge73	OCT	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
2020	Karakahya40	OCT		–	–	–		–		–	–	–
2020	Lemmens74	OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2020	Mammadova24	SD-OCT		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2020	Marquie41	OCT		–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
2020	Mavilio75	OCT		–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
2020	Salobra-Garcia76	OCT, OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
2020	Sanchez31	OCT		–	–		–	–	–	–	–
2020	Santangelo34	OCT		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–
2020	Sen77	OCT		–	–		–	–	–	–	–
2020	Uchida78	OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2020	Van De Kreeke32	OCT		–	–			–	–		–	–
2020	Wu79	OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	?	?	–
2021	Biscetti80	OCT	–	–	–			–	–			–
2021	Janez-Garcia30	OCT, OCTA						–	–	–	–	–
2021	Li81	OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–	–
2021	Lian	OCT		–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
2021	Mei82	OCTA		–	–		–	–	–		–	–
2021	Robbins83	OCTA		–	–	–		–		–	–	–
2021	Robbins84	OCT	–	–	–	–	–	–	?	–	–	–
2021	Wang85	OCTA	–	–			–	–	–			–
2021	Wong86	OCTA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–
2021	Zabel87	OCT, OCTA		–			¶¶	–	–		¶¶,***	–
2021	Zhao88	OCT	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2022	Montorio89	OCTA		–	–		–	–	–		–	–
			15/30	3/5	6/21	8/19	9/15	5/10	4/9	7/14	3/9

Key: = correlation identified; = no correlation identified; ? = unclear

*Foveal thickness.

†Retinal central subfield thickness.

‡Retinal haemoglobin levels.

§Retinal blood flow.

¶T2, α2 and Q2 in ch2.

**Macular volume.

††GCL++.

‡‡Choroidal flow rate.

§§Outer retinal flow rate.

¶¶Superficial vascular plexus, deep vascular plexus and total retinal vascular network.

***Flow density.

†††Retinal pigment epithelium.

‡‡‡Central subfield thickness.

§§§Perfusion density.

AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CSF, central subfield retinal thickness; FAZ, foveal avascular zone; FLIO, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy; GCC, ganglion cell complex; GC-IPL, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer; mRNFL, macular retinal nerve fibre layer; MT/MV, macular volume/macular thickness; OCT, optical coherence tomography; OCTA, optical coherence tomography-angiography; PRNFL, peripapillary RNFL; RNFL, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness; SD-OCT, spectral-domain OCT; VD, vascular density.