Table 1.

Description of tillage and crop establishment (TCE), and residue management practices under rice-wheat mungbean system during five years of experimentation. [RPTR: Puddled random transplanted rice; BCW: Broadcast wheat; LPTR: Puddled line transplanted rice; CTW: Conventional-till wheat; CTMTR: CT machine transplanted rice; ZTW: Zero-till wheat; ZTMTR: Zero-till MTR; SRI: System of rice intensification; SWI: System of wheat intensification; DSR: Direct-seeded rice].

Treatment notations	Tillage			Crop establishment			Residue management
	Rice	Wheat	Mungbean	Rice	Wheat	Mungbean	Rice	Wheat	Mungbean
T1: RPTR-BCW	Cultivator: 2 passes (dry tillage: DT) Rotavator: 1 pass (wet tillage: WT)	Cultivator: 2 passes Rotavator: 1 pass	Zero-till	25-days old seedlings, manually transplanted with random geometry	Broadcasting	Drill seeding with Happy Seeder	~30% incorporated in the soil	~30% retained on the soil surface	100% incorporated
T2: LPTR-CTW				25-days old seedlings, manually transplanted in lines at 25 × 15 cm apart.	Drill seeding with Happy Seeder
T3: CTMTR-ZTW		Zero-till		18-days old seedlings, machine transplanting at 23 × 14 cm apart.			~30% retained on the soil surface
T4: ZTMTR-ZTW	Zero-till (flooding before transplanting)			18-days old seedlings, machine transplanting at 23 × 14 cm apart.					100% removed
T5: SRI-SWI	Cultivator: 2 passes (DT) Rotavator: 1 pass (WT)	Cultivator: 2 passes Rotavator: 1 pass		12-days old seedlings, manual transplanting at 25 × 25 cm apart.	Manual seeding		~30% incorporated in the soil		100% incorporated
T6: CTDSR-ZTW	Cultivator: 2 passes Rotavator: 1 pass	Zero-till		Drill seeding at 22.5 cm row spacing	Drill seeding with Happy Seeder		~30% retained on the soil surface
T7: ZTDSR-ZTW	Zero-till			Drill seeding at 22.5 cm row spacing					100% retained on the soil surface