Table 2.
Weed density in rice under different tillage and crop establishment methods in rice-wheat-mungbean system; mean values followed by different lower case letters within a column and different upper case letters within a row or column are significantly different at P < 0.05. [RPTR: Puddled random transplanted rice; BCW: Broadcast wheat; LPTR: Puddled line transplanted rice; CTW: Conventional-till wheat; CTMTR: CT machine transplanted rice; ZTW: Zero-till wheat; ZTMTR: Zero-till MTR; SRI: System of rice intensification; SWI: System of wheat intensification; DSR: Direct-seeded rice].
| Treatments |
Cyperus iria (no. m−2) |
Trianthema portulacastrum (no. m−2) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | Mean | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | Mean | |
| RPTR-BCW | 129b | 3.33b | 3.00b | 29.67b | 41.3BC | 36a | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5b | 9.4B |
| LPTR- CTW | 95bc | 3.33b | 3.17b | 56.67ab | 39.5 C | 21b | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0c | 5.3 C |
| CTMTR-ZTW | 192a | 2.67b | 2.00b | 101.67a | 74.6 A | 4c | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.17a | 1.5E |
| ZTMTR-ZTW | 64 cd | 6.33a | 4.67a | 103a | 44.5B | 2c | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.67c | 0.7E |
| SRI-SWI | 118b | 2.67b | 2.33b | 4.25b | 31.8D | 2c | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.25c | 0.6E |
| CTDSR-ZTW | 98bc | 0.33c | 0.5c | 20.33b | 29.8D | 0c | 120a | 0.0 | 0.42c | 30.1 A |
| ZTDSR-ZTW | 33d | 0.0c | 0.0c | 16.17b | 12.3E | 3c | 11b | 0.0 | 0.75c | 3.7D |
| Mean | 104.0 A | 2.7 C | 2.2 C | 47.4B | 9.7B | 18.7 A | 0.0D | 0.82 C | ||
| P-value (Year*Treatment) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Echinochloa colona (no. m−2) | Ludwigia parviflora (no. m−2) | |||||||||
| RPTR-BCW | 2.0b | 2.33b | 1.83d | 22.67ab | 7.2B | 1.3d | 0.33c | 0.5bc | 30.75ab | 8.2B |
| LPTR- CTW | 2.0b | 2.67b | 2.00d | 7.83abc | 3.6D | 0.8d | 1.0c | 0.67bc | 19abc | 5.4 C |
| CTMTR-ZTW | 1.0b | 5.67ab | 5.17b | 10.25abc | 5.5 C | 5.2b | 3.0b | 2.5b | 32.92a | 10.9 A |
| ZTMTR-ZTW | 0.0b | 4.33b | 4.33bc | 19.67abc | 7.1B | 7.2a | 3.0b | 2.33bc | 11.42abc | 6.0 C |
| SRI-SWI | 12.0a | 8.33a | 8.00a | 27.00a | 13.8 A | 1.7d | 6.67a | 6.67a | 8.83abc | 6.0 C |
| CTDSR-ZTW | 3.0b | 3.67b | 3.00 cd | 4.17bc | 3.5D | 5.1b | 1.67bc | 0.0c | 3.92bc | 2.7D |
| ZTDSR-ZTW | 5.0b | 3.0b | 2.67d | 1.25c | 3.0D | 3.55c | 0.0c | 1.83bc | 1.58c | 1.7E |
| Mean | 3.6 C | 4.3B | 3.9 C | 13.3 A | 3.6B | 2.2 C | 2.1 C | 15.5 A | ||
| P-value (Year*Treatment) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Commelina benghalensis (no. m−2) | Total weed density (no. m−2) | |||||||||
| RPTR-BCW | 2.0b | 3.0a | 1.83b | 0.0 | 1.7B | 182b | 9.32c | 7.17dfe | 98.58ab | 74.3B |
| LPTR- CTW | 6.0a | 2.0b | 2.67a | 0.0 | 2.7 A | 132c | 10.0bc | 9.00 cd | 93.17ab | 61.0 C |
| CTMTR-ZTW | 1.0b | 1.33c | 0.83 cd | 0.0 | 0.8 C | 250a | 15.67b | 11.33bc | 169.17a | 111.5 A |
| ZTMTR-ZTW | 0.0b | 2.0b | 1.17c | 0.0 | 0.8 C | 138c | 18.99b | 13.5b | 150.08a | 80.1B |
| SRI-SWI | 0.0b | 1.33c | 1.00 cd | 0.0 | 0.6D | 149c | 25.67b | 18.00a | 51.08b | 60.9 C |
| CTDSR-ZTW | 0.0b | 0.67d | 0.50de | 0.0 | 0.3E | 152c | 128.01a | 4.00e | 38.17b | 80.6B |
| ZTDSR-ZTW | 1.0b | 0.0e | 0.0e | 0.0 | 0.3E | 48d | 16.33b | 6.17de | 29.0b | 24.9D |
| Mean | 1.4 A | 1.5 A | 1.1B | 0 C | 150.0 A | 32.0 C | 9.9D | 89.9B | ||
| P-value (Year*Treatment) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||