Table 4.
Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on soil weed seedbank (no. kg−1 soil); mean values followed by different lower case letters within a column or row are significantly different at P < 0.05. [RPTR: Puddled random transplanted rice; BCW: Broadcast wheat; LPTR: Puddled line transplanted rice; CTW: Conventional-till wheat; CTMTR: CT machine transplanted rice; ZTW: Zero-till wheat; ZTMTR: Zero-till MTR; SRI: System of rice intensification; SWI: System of wheat intensification; DSR: Direct-seeded rice].
| Treatments | Soil layer (cm) |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–15 | 15–30 | Mean | 0–15 | 15–30 | Mean | 0–15 | 15–30 | Mean | 0–15 | 15–30 | Mean | 0–15 | 15–30 | Mean | |
| C. iria | Total grassy weeds | T. portulacastrum | Total broad-leaved weeds | Total weeds | |||||||||||
| RPTR-BCW | 17.69 | 5.00 | 11.33a | 6.00 | 10.67 | 8.33a | 10.33 | 5.00 | 7.67b | 24.0 | 14.0 | 19.0b | 48.0 | 29.67 | 38.67b |
| LPTR- CTW | 12.67 | 5.67 | 9.17a | 9.00 | 6.00 | 7.50a | 6.00 | 6.33 | 6.17b | 18.33 | 15.0 | 16.67b | 40.0 | 26.67 | 33.33b |
| CTMTR-ZTW | 21.67 | 11.00 | 16.33a | 20.00 | 4.33 | 12.17a | 2.67 | 1.67 | 2.17b | 17.33 | 12.67 | 15.0b | 59.0 | 28.00 | 43.5b |
| ZTMTR-ZTW | 17.33 | 4.67 | 11.00a | 14.00 | 7.67 | 10.83a | 3.33 | 5.00 | 4.17b | 14.0 | 12.33 | 13.17b | 45.33 | 24.67 | 35.0b |
| SRI-SWI | 19.67 | 10.33 | 15.00a | 11.17 | 7.67 | 9.67a | 36.67 | 11.00 | 23.86a | 72.33 | 22.67 | 47.5a | 104.0 | 40.67 | 72.17a |
| CTDSR-ZTW | 13.00 | 9.00 | 11.00a | 8.33 | 5.67 | 7.00a | 4.67 | 1.00 | 2.83b | 12.33 | 10.0 | 11.17b | 33.67 | 24.67 | 29.17b |
| ZTDSR-ZTW | 24.00 | 3.33 | 13.67a | 9.33 | 5.67 | 7.50a | 0.67 | 1.67 | 1.17b | 6.00 | 6.33 | 6.17b | 39.33 | 15.33 | 27.33b |
| Mean | 18.00a | 7.00b | – | 11.19a | 6.81b | – | 9.19a | 4.52b | – | 23.48a | 13.29b | – | 52.67a | 27.1b | – |