Table 1.
Caspases Implicated in Stroke Pathogenesis
| Caspase | Paradigm (Species) | Measure | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tMCAo (mouse) | Genetic Knockout (infarct size, cerebral blood flow, brain edema) | Schielke and others (1998) | ||
| 1 | pMCAo (mouse) | Ac-YVAD-AFC (catalytic activity) | Benchoua and others (2001) | ||
| 1 | pMCAo (rat) | mRNA levels | Harrison and others (2001) | ||
| 2 | Global ischemia (rat) | Caspase cleavage (WB, IHC) | Niizuma and others (2008) | ||
| 3 | tMCAo (mouse) | Genetic Knockout (infarct volume, neuron density, TUNEL) | Le and others (2002) | ||
| 3 | pMCAo (rat) | Caspase cleavage (WB) | Velier and others (1999) | ||
| 3 | pMCAo (mouse) | Ac-DEVD-AFC (catalytic activity), caspase cleavage (WB, IHC) | Benchoua and others (2001) | ||
| 3 | pMCAo (rat) | mRNA levels | Harrison and others (2001) | ||
| 6 | pMCAo (rat) | mRNA levels | Harrison and others (2001) | ||
| 6 | tMCAo (mouse, rat) | Caspase cleavage (IHC), knockout mice (infarct volume, motor behavior) | Akpan and others (2011) | ||
| 7 | pMCAo (rat) | mRNA levels | Harrison and others (2001) | ||
| 8 | pMCAo (rat) | mRNA levels | Harrison and others (2001) | ||
| pMCAo (mouse) | Ac-IETD-AFC (catalytic activity), caspase cleavage (WB, IHC) | Benchoua and others (2001) | |||
| pMCAo (rat) | Caspase cleavage (WB) | Velier and others (1999) | |||
| 9 | tMCAo (rat, mouse) | Caspase cleavage (IHC), biochemical isolation of active caspase-9 | Ferrer and Planas (2003), Akpan and others (2011) | ||
| tMCAo (canine) | Release of caspase 9 from mitochondria | Krajewski and others (1999) | |||
| Human stroke tissue | IHC | Duan and others (2010) | |||
| 11 | pMCAo (rat) | mRNA levels | Harrison and others (2001) | ||
| pMCAo (mouse) | Genetic knockout (TUNEL-positive cells) | Kang and others (2000) | |||
| Translational intervention | Caspase | Paradigm | Inhibitor | Delivery method | Reference |
|
| |||||
| Catalytic | Pan-caspase | tMCAo (mouse) | Z-VAD-fmk | Intracerebro-ventricular | Endres and others (1998) |
| Expression | 1 | tMCAo (mouse) | Dominant-negative caspase 1 | Transgenic expression | Friedlander and others (1997), Hara and others (1997) |
| Expression | 1 | tMCAo (rat)/global (gerbil) | Minocycline | Intraperitoneal | Yrjanheikki and others (1999) |
| Catalytic | 3 | tMCAo (mouse) | Z-DEVD-fmk | Intracerebro-ventricular | Endres and others (1998) |
| Expression | 3 | Endothelin-1 (mouse, rat) | Carbon nanotubes w/caspase-3 RNAi | Intracerebral, stereotaxis | Al-Jamal and others (2011) |
| Catalytic | 9 | tMCAo (mouse, rat) | Penetratin1-BIR3 | Intranasal | Akpan and others (2011) |
Short peptide substrates: Ac-YVAD-AFC, Ac-DEVD-AFC, Ac-IETD-AFC. Short peptide enzymatic inhibitors: Z-VAD-fmk, Z-DEVD-fmk.