Table 3.

Comprehensive overview of analytical themes, descriptive themes, codes, and their definitions.

Analytical and descriptive themes		Code (identifier)	Code definition	Study
Learning processes implemented to stimulate critical thinking
	Teaching	Instructional strategies (IS)	A teacher’s overall approach that facilitates the learning process and includes various teaching activities, strategies, styles, and training; includes time allocated for learning	[49,51]
	Learning
		Learning activities (LA)	Activities targeted toward the learning process that involve technology and learning from one’s own and others’ experiences, discussions, or reflections	[49,51]
		Learning results (LR)	The effect of diverse approaches and guidance on the process of learning	[49-51]
		Learning strategy (LS)	Approaches that facilitate diverse learning styles without the use of technology	[49,51]
		Learning motivation (LM)	The motivation to learn; a personal drive to learn and acquire knowledge	[50,51]
	Professional knowledge	Knowledge construction (KC)	The process of evaluating, adding, explaining, transforming, and summarizing information, including self-awareness of what one does not know as well as reflection, self-judgment, self-observation, and consciousness of one’s own needs	[48,49,51]
	Professional skills	Competence (C)	The set of skills and abilities by which one connects theoretical knowledge with practice and understands context; includes both acquired and improved competence	[48,50,51]
Organization of the learning process to stimulate critical thinking
	Technological tools	Use of technological tools (UTT)	Various uses of diverse technological tools to showcase one’s work, write daily journals, submit assignments, search for answers, complete daily tasks, access necessary information, and assess learning; technological tools serving as cognitive tools; use of discussion forums	[49,51]
	Help and support
		Mentoring (ME)	The process of giving students the opportunity to solve problems and of providing support for thinking and reflecting on their actions	[51]
		Supervision (SUP)	The process of continuous supervision	[51]
		Peer support (PSU)	Sharing learned knowledge, creating dialogue and conversation, and understanding and encouraging one another	[51]
Factors influencing the perception of the learning process
	Technological tools
		Technical problems (TP)	Technical problems that make the use of technological tools challenging	[48]
		Advantages of technological tools (ATT)	Positive experiences of using technological tools and descriptions of their advantages	[48-50]
		Stress (ST)	Stress in relation to learning or using technological tools	[48,50]